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scalability

1320 articles · Page 10 of 14
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Nov 9, 2019 · Backend Development

Design and Implementation of eBay's Next‑Generation Million‑TPS Core Accounting System

The article details eBay's 2018‑2020 design, performance testing, and fault‑tolerance architecture of a next‑generation core accounting system capable of handling millions of transactions per second, covering system goals, multi‑region deployment, event‑sourcing, Raft consensus, scalability optimizations, and the planned open‑source release.

Distributed ArchitectureEvent SourcingHigh TPS
0 likes · 24 min read
Design and Implementation of eBay's Next‑Generation Million‑TPS Core Accounting System
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Nov 8, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution of Taobao Backend Architecture from Hundred to Ten Million Concurrent Users

This article uses Taobao’s backend as a case study to illustrate how server architecture evolves through ten stages—from a single‑machine setup handling hundreds of requests to a distributed, containerized, cloud‑native system supporting tens of millions of concurrent users—detailing the technologies and design principles at each step.

Cloud Computingbackend architecturehigh availability
0 likes · 19 min read
Evolution of Taobao Backend Architecture from Hundred to Ten Million Concurrent Users
Youku Technology
Youku Technology
Nov 5, 2019 · Backend Development

Traffic Shaping Strategies for High‑Concurrency Events: Staggering, Rate Limiting, and Peak Cutting

The article explains how Youku’s engineers mitigate extreme traffic spikes during large‑scale events by applying three core techniques—staggering requests across time, enforcing client‑side rate limits, and cutting peaks through minimum intervals, probabilistic sending and fairness algorithms—to lower maximum QPS, improve stability, and preserve user experience.

QPShigh concurrencyload balancing
0 likes · 8 min read
Traffic Shaping Strategies for High‑Concurrency Events: Staggering, Rate Limiting, and Peak Cutting
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Oct 30, 2019 · Backend Development

Beyond Sharding: How Service Unitization Solves Unlimited Scaling

The article explains why traditional sharding and database partitioning cannot guarantee limitless scalability, examines the connection‑limit problems of RPC‑based services, and introduces unitization as a practical approach to achieve true unlimited scaling while managing database connections efficiently.

BackendDatabase Connectionsscalability
0 likes · 7 min read
Beyond Sharding: How Service Unitization Solves Unlimited Scaling
Tencent Cloud Developer
Tencent Cloud Developer
Oct 28, 2019 · Frontend Development

NGW: Node Gateway Architecture for Serverless Frontend Services

NGW (Node Gateway) is a Node.js‑based frontend access layer that sits between a unified gateway and business services, providing dynamic request routing, Redis‑driven configuration, a Tapable plugin system, and containerized CI/CD to enable serverless BFF/SFF architectures with rapid builds, high reliability, and dramatically reduced deployment effort across multiple Tencent Cloud projects.

BFFDevOpsFrontend Architecture
0 likes · 10 min read
NGW: Node Gateway Architecture for Serverless Frontend Services
Full-Stack Internet Architecture
Full-Stack Internet Architecture
Oct 25, 2019 · Operations

Understanding Why Microservice Architecture and Service‑Oriented Design Matter

This article explains the motivations behind adopting microservice architecture, outlines the problems it solves such as poor scalability, reliability and maintenance, describes the benefits and new challenges of service‑oriented design, and concludes with a concise summary of its advantages and trade‑offs.

Microservicesmaintainabilityscalability
0 likes · 8 min read
Understanding Why Microservice Architecture and Service‑Oriented Design Matter
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Oct 23, 2019 · Operations

Building Scalable Operations: From SRE to AIOps and DevOps

This article explores how to construct a scalable operations framework by integrating concepts such as SRE, DevOps, AIOps, and continuous improvement, addressing organizational challenges, process standardization, tool automation, and the shift from reactive firefighting to proactive, value‑driven management.

AIOpsIT managementSRE
0 likes · 30 min read
Building Scalable Operations: From SRE to AIOps and DevOps
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Oct 12, 2019 · Cloud Native

Serverless vs Containers: When to Choose Each for Modern Cloud Apps

This article compares serverless computing and containerized micro‑services, outlining their definitions, cost advantages, maintenance needs, use cases, limitations, and how a hybrid approach can combine the strengths of both in cloud‑native development.

Cloud NativeCost EfficiencyServerless
0 likes · 9 min read
Serverless vs Containers: When to Choose Each for Modern Cloud Apps
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Oct 10, 2019 · Backend Development

Unlocking Performance: A Deep Dive into Modern Caching Strategies

This article explores the pervasive role of caching in modern systems—from browser and HTTP caches to CDN, load‑balancer, in‑process, and distributed caches—detailing their mechanisms, algorithms, common pitfalls like cache avalanche, penetration and breakdown, and practical mitigation techniques for robust backend performance.

BackendCDNPerformance
0 likes · 18 min read
Unlocking Performance: A Deep Dive into Modern Caching Strategies
Full-Stack Internet Architecture
Full-Stack Internet Architecture
Oct 10, 2019 · Cloud Computing

What Is Cloud Computing? An Introduction to Concepts, Features, and Service Models

This article explains the origins, definition, key characteristics such as virtualization, scalability, on‑demand provisioning, flexibility, reliability and cost‑effectiveness of cloud computing, and describes the three main service models—Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Software as a Service.

Cloud ComputingIaaSPaaS
0 likes · 7 min read
What Is Cloud Computing? An Introduction to Concepts, Features, and Service Models
Alibaba Cloud Native
Alibaba Cloud Native
Oct 4, 2019 · Cloud Computing

Why Serverless Is the Next Evolution in Cloud Computing

The article traces the origins and rapid growth of serverless computing—from its early concept by Iron.io’s Ken to mainstream adoption through AWS Lambda, Alibaba Cloud Function Compute, and other FaaS platforms—explaining its architecture, benefits such as low cost, automatic scaling, green computing, and future trends like serverless containers and fine‑grained resources.

Cloud ComputingCost EfficiencyFaaS
0 likes · 14 min read
Why Serverless Is the Next Evolution in Cloud Computing
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Sep 29, 2019 · Big Data

Can 1.4 Billion People Share a Single WeChat Group? A Technical Deep‑Dive

This article explores whether it is technically feasible to place all 1.4 billion Chinese users into one WeChat group, analyzing population statistics, message volume, CPU processing limits, network bandwidth, storage requirements, and cost implications with supporting calculations and references.

Network BandwidthWeChatbig data
0 likes · 12 min read
Can 1.4 Billion People Share a Single WeChat Group? A Technical Deep‑Dive
MOMOLive Tech Team
MOMOLive Tech Team
Sep 24, 2019 · Backend Development

How Momo Live’s IM Architecture Scaled from V1 to V2

This article examines the challenges of high‑traffic live‑streaming instant messaging, presents the original V1 TCP‑based architecture, explains its performance bottlenecks, and details the redesigned V2 solution that adopts Netty, protobuf, compression, and RPC to dramatically reduce bandwidth and latency while supporting millions of concurrent users.

Protobufbackend architectureinstant messaging
0 likes · 9 min read
How Momo Live’s IM Architecture Scaled from V1 to V2
Big Data Technology & Architecture
Big Data Technology & Architecture
Sep 23, 2019 · Backend Development

Design and Evolution of Feed Stream Architecture for High‑Throughput Applications

This article analyzes the business requirements, technical challenges, and mainstream architectural solutions for large‑scale feed streams, and proposes a step‑by‑step evolution path—from a simple push model using cloud Kafka and HBase to hybrid push‑pull and recommendation‑driven designs—suitable for startups and rapidly growing platforms.

BackendHBaseKafka
0 likes · 15 min read
Design and Evolution of Feed Stream Architecture for High‑Throughput Applications
ITFLY8 Architecture Home
ITFLY8 Architecture Home
Sep 23, 2019 · Backend Development

Mastering High-Concurrency Technical Architecture: Core Principles and Solutions

This article explains what technical architecture is, breaks down its three core components—business technical problems, technical solutions, and technical components—and then dives deep into high‑concurrency challenges, systematic thinking methods, and practical approaches such as resource scaling, stateless design, load balancing, caching, and I/O optimization.

System Designbackend architecturedistributed systems
0 likes · 12 min read
Mastering High-Concurrency Technical Architecture: Core Principles and Solutions
HomeTech
HomeTech
Sep 19, 2019 · Industry Insights

How Autohome Scaled Its 818 Global Car Night to Millions of QPS: A Technical Deep Dive

The article details how Autohome tackled a severe market downturn by launching the 818 Global Car Night, describing the background, massive technical challenges, infrastructure scaling, high‑availability architecture, full‑link stress testing, monitoring, security measures, and the lessons learned for future large‑scale online events.

Cloud ComputingIndustry Case Studyhigh availability
0 likes · 30 min read
How Autohome Scaled Its 818 Global Car Night to Millions of QPS: A Technical Deep Dive
dbaplus Community
dbaplus Community
Sep 17, 2019 · Databases

How FeatureKV Handles Billions of Reads and Writes for WeChat Services

FeatureKV is a high‑performance, scalable key‑value storage system built for WeChat's massive offline‑to‑online data pipelines, tackling challenges of 10⁹ reads per second and 10⁹ writes per hour with version management, efficient batch writes, and fault‑tolerant read services.

Version managementWeChatkey-value store
0 likes · 27 min read
How FeatureKV Handles Billions of Reads and Writes for WeChat Services
ITPUB
ITPUB
Sep 9, 2019 · Databases

Redis Interview Essentials: Top Questions & Expert Answers

This article compiles essential Redis interview questions covering its advantages over Memcached, performance pitfalls, data structures, persistence options, clustering, scaling strategies, and practical usage patterns such as distributed locks and asynchronous queues, providing concise answers and best‑practice recommendations for each topic.

PerformancePersistenceRedis
0 likes · 18 min read
Redis Interview Essentials: Top Questions & Expert Answers
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Sep 6, 2019 · Backend Development

Designing a Scalable Feed Stream System Architecture

This article explains the fundamentals, data model, storage options, synchronization strategies, metadata handling, and scaling considerations for building a high‑performance feed‑stream system used in social platforms such as micro‑blogs, friend circles, and short‑video feeds.

ArchitectureStorageStream
0 likes · 19 min read
Designing a Scalable Feed Stream System Architecture
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Sep 4, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution of Large‑Scale Website Architecture: From Single‑Machine Deployment to Service‑Oriented Systems

This article outlines how large‑scale web applications evolve from simple single‑server deployments through static‑dynamic separation, clustering, database read/write splitting, sharding, service‑oriented architecture, and message queues, emphasizing the trade‑offs and best practices for each architectural stage.

backend architecturedatabase shardingload balancing
0 likes · 13 min read
Evolution of Large‑Scale Website Architecture: From Single‑Machine Deployment to Service‑Oriented Systems
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 24, 2019 · Backend Development

How 贝聊 Scaled from a Simple LNMP Stack to a Robust Microservices Architecture

This article chronicles the evolution of the 贝聊 platform from its early LNMP monolithic setup through a Java‑based distributed system to a full microservices architecture, highlighting the technical challenges, design decisions, and future plans such as containerization and API gateway implementation.

MicroservicesService Governancedeployment
0 likes · 21 min read
How 贝聊 Scaled from a Simple LNMP Stack to a Robust Microservices Architecture
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Aug 22, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution of BeChat Architecture: From Monolithic LNMP to Microservices and Future V4.0

This article chronicles the architectural evolution of the BeChat kindergarten parent platform, detailing three major redesigns—from a simple LNMP monolith to a Java‑based distributed system and finally a Dubbo‑driven microservice architecture—while outlining the technical motivations, challenges, and future plans such as Docker containerization, API‑gateway integration, and multi‑IDC deployment.

ArchitectureDevOpscloud-native
0 likes · 20 min read
Evolution of BeChat Architecture: From Monolithic LNMP to Microservices and Future V4.0
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Aug 13, 2019 · Backend Development

Mastering Nginx: How to Build Scalable, High‑Performance Web Services

This article systematically explains Nginx's architecture, module design, scalability, caching, TLS handling, and OpenResty integration, providing practical guidance for building high‑availability, high‑performance services in large‑scale distributed environments.

Luacachingload balancing
0 likes · 17 min read
Mastering Nginx: How to Build Scalable, High‑Performance Web Services
Full-Stack Internet Architecture
Full-Stack Internet Architecture
Aug 13, 2019 · Backend Development

Pros and Cons of Microservices Architecture

This article discusses why microservices have become popular, outlines their advantages such as continuous delivery, easier maintenance, independent scaling, fault tolerance, and technology flexibility, and also examines the challenges like service decomposition, distributed system complexities, and multi‑team coordination, helping readers decide when to adopt them.

ArchitectureMicroservicesmaintenance
0 likes · 8 min read
Pros and Cons of Microservices Architecture
Aikesheng Open Source Community
Aikesheng Open Source Community
Aug 12, 2019 · Databases

Choosing Between NewSQL Databases and Middleware‑Based Sharding: A Comparative Analysis

This article objectively compares NewSQL distributed databases with middleware‑based sharding solutions, examining their architectures, distributed transaction handling, scalability, performance, high‑availability, and operational considerations, and provides guidance on selecting the appropriate approach based on workload, consistency, and organizational constraints.

CAP theoremDistributed TransactionsNewSQL
0 likes · 19 min read
Choosing Between NewSQL Databases and Middleware‑Based Sharding: A Comparative Analysis
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 9, 2019 · Backend Development

Mastering Microservice Design: 5 Essential Architectural Constraints

This article explains how microservices differ from traditional monolithic delivery, outlines the five key architectural constraints—scalability, elasticity, composability, minimality, and completeness—and provides practical guidance for designing robust, loosely‑coupled services.

ArchitectureBackendMicroservices
0 likes · 7 min read
Mastering Microservice Design: 5 Essential Architectural Constraints
Tencent Cloud Developer
Tencent Cloud Developer
Aug 1, 2019 · Databases

FeatureKV: A High-Performance Key-Value Storage System for WeChat's Billion-Scale Challenges

FeatureKV, WeChat’s high‑performance key‑value store, handles one‑billion queries per second and ingests a billion keys per hour by separating write‑only DataSvr from read‑only KVSvr, supporting in‑memory, indexed, and block‑indexed tables, scaling horizontally, guaranteeing eventual consistency with versioned reads, and delivering up to 11 billion reads per second with sub‑15 ms latency.

Batch ProcessingFeatureKVKey-Value
0 likes · 22 min read
FeatureKV: A High-Performance Key-Value Storage System for WeChat's Billion-Scale Challenges
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Jul 30, 2019 · Databases

Mastering Database Sharding: When and How to Split Tables and Schemas

This article reviews the complete process of database and table sharding, covering when to shard, range and hash strategies, combining both, data migration challenges, business compatibility, and long‑term archiving to keep MySQL workloads manageable.

Hash ShardingHorizontal PartitioningRange Sharding
0 likes · 11 min read
Mastering Database Sharding: When and How to Split Tables and Schemas
ITFLY8 Architecture Home
ITFLY8 Architecture Home
Jul 25, 2019 · Backend Development

From Single Server to Cloud‑Native: Scaling Taobao’s Backend for Millions of Users

This article traces Taobao’s backend architecture evolution—from a single‑server setup to distributed caching, load‑balancing proxies, database sharding, microservices, containerization, and finally cloud‑native deployment—highlighting the technologies, challenges, and design principles that enable scaling from hundreds to tens of millions of concurrent users.

BackendMicroservicescloud-native
0 likes · 25 min read
From Single Server to Cloud‑Native: Scaling Taobao’s Backend for Millions of Users
58 Tech
58 Tech
Jul 23, 2019 · Operations

Design and Implementation of an Open Alarm Platform for Monitoring Systems

The Open Alarm Platform provides a flexible data model, modular architecture, and robust stability features to enable various business lines to integrate their custom monitoring systems via APIs, offering alert convergence, merging, multi‑channel delivery, and comprehensive management while reducing development and maintenance costs.

AlertingOperationsSystem Design
0 likes · 9 min read
Design and Implementation of an Open Alarm Platform for Monitoring Systems
Architects' Tech Alliance
Architects' Tech Alliance
Jul 19, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution of Taobao Backend Architecture from Single Machine to Cloud‑Native High Concurrency

The article traces Taobao's backend architecture evolution—from a single‑machine setup through caching, load balancing, database sharding, microservices, containerization, and cloud deployment—illustrating the technologies and design principles needed to scale from hundreds to tens of millions of concurrent users.

ArchitectureMicroservicescloud
0 likes · 19 min read
Evolution of Taobao Backend Architecture from Single Machine to Cloud‑Native High Concurrency
21CTO
21CTO
Jul 18, 2019 · Fundamentals

What Is Distributed Architecture and How Does It Evolve?

Distributed architecture, built on networked software systems, offers cohesive, transparent services through concepts like cohesion, transparency, and various applications such as distributed file systems, caches, databases, and web services, while evolving through stages like caching, clustering, load balancing, and addressing challenges like service management and scalability.

Architecturecachingload balancing
0 likes · 11 min read
What Is Distributed Architecture and How Does It Evolve?
21CTO
21CTO
Jul 17, 2019 · Fundamentals

30 Essential Architecture Principles Every Engineer Should Follow

This article presents thirty practical software architecture principles—covering simplicity, YAGNI, iterative development, automated testing, ROI, user focus, modularity, statelessness, concurrency, CAP theorem, and more—to guide architects in building scalable, maintainable, and user‑centric systems.

design principlesengineeringscalability
0 likes · 11 min read
30 Essential Architecture Principles Every Engineer Should Follow
21CTO
21CTO
Jul 17, 2019 · Backend Development

From Single Server to Cloud Native: How Taobao Scaled to Millions of Users

This article traces Taobao’s backend architecture evolution from a single‑server setup to a cloud‑native, micro‑service ecosystem, detailing each scaling stage—separating Tomcat and database, adding caches, load balancers, read/write splitting, sharding, NoSQL, ESB, containers, and finally public‑cloud deployment—while highlighting the associated technologies and design principles.

ArchitectureBackendMicroservices
0 likes · 19 min read
From Single Server to Cloud Native: How Taobao Scaled to Millions of Users
Big Data Technology Architecture
Big Data Technology Architecture
Jul 12, 2019 · Big Data

Why Kafka Is So Popular: Features, Use Cases, and Architecture Overview

This article explains why Apache Kafka has become a cornerstone of modern big‑data pipelines by detailing its high‑throughput, fault‑tolerant publish‑subscribe architecture, real‑time processing capabilities, extensive language support, scalability mechanisms, and the wide range of use cases adopted by leading enterprises.

Distributed StreamingKafkamessage queue
0 likes · 9 min read
Why Kafka Is So Popular: Features, Use Cases, and Architecture Overview
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Jul 9, 2019 · Operations

How SF Express Scaled Operations: Lessons from Digital Transformation

In this talk, SF Express’s tech leader shares how the company digitized its logistics, unified goals across teams, streamlined processes, built resilient infrastructure, and leveraged monitoring and gray‑release strategies to sustain explosive growth while reducing costs and improving service quality.

Cloud Infrastructurescalability
0 likes · 14 min read
How SF Express Scaled Operations: Lessons from Digital Transformation
JD Retail Technology
JD Retail Technology
Jul 9, 2019 · Databases

Transparent Scalable NewSQL: Design and Implementation of CB‑SQL Distributed Database

The article explains the concept of transparent scalable NewSQL databases, discusses the historical challenges of scaling relational systems, and details the design and implementation techniques—such as dynamic sharding, distributed transactions, consensus algorithms, distributed SQL, and CB‑SQL’s specific mechanisms like HLC, SSI isolation, Multi‑Raft, and automatic load balancing—to achieve elasticity, high availability, and seamless scalability.

CB‑SQLConsensusNewSQL
0 likes · 17 min read
Transparent Scalable NewSQL: Design and Implementation of CB‑SQL Distributed Database
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jul 8, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution and Architecture of MaFengWo Payment Center (Version 1.0 → 2.0)

The article details the evolution of MaFengWo's payment center from a basic payment‑refund module (1.0) to a comprehensive, modular platform (2.0), describing its core capabilities, layered architecture, customizable checkout, routing management, monitoring system, and future micro‑service roadmap.

Transaction Processingbackend architecturemonitoring
0 likes · 15 min read
Evolution and Architecture of MaFengWo Payment Center (Version 1.0 → 2.0)
21CTO
21CTO
Jul 2, 2019 · Backend Development

Designing a Scalable Feed Stream System for Billions of Users

This article explains how to design a high‑performance feed‑stream architecture—including product definition, data modeling, storage choices, synchronization modes, metadata handling, commenting, likes, sorting, search, and deletion—so that a system can support tens of millions to billions of users while remaining reliable and scalable.

Storagefeed streammetadata
0 likes · 21 min read
Designing a Scalable Feed Stream System for Billions of Users
Architecture Talk
Architecture Talk
Jun 30, 2019 · Backend Development

From Single Server to Cloud‑Native: Taobao’s 14‑Step Architecture Evolution

This article uses Taobao as a case study to trace the evolution of its server‑side architecture from a single‑machine setup to a cloud‑native, micro‑service ecosystem, detailing each scaling milestone, the technologies involved, and the design principles that guide high‑availability, high‑concurrency systems.

Microservicesbackend architecturescalability
0 likes · 21 min read
From Single Server to Cloud‑Native: Taobao’s 14‑Step Architecture Evolution
System Architect Go
System Architect Go
Jun 24, 2019 · Fundamentals

Revisiting the Twelve-Factor App: Core Principles for Building Robust and Scalable Services

This article reviews the Twelve-Factor App methodology, outlining twelve essential guidelines—including codebase management, explicit dependencies, configuration separation, backing services, build‑release‑run workflow, stateless processes, port binding, concurrency, disposability, environment parity, logging, and admin processes—to help developers design resilient, cloud‑native applications.

App ArchitectureDevOpsTwelve-Factor
0 likes · 6 min read
Revisiting the Twelve-Factor App: Core Principles for Building Robust and Scalable Services
Architects Research Society
Architects Research Society
Jun 23, 2019 · Backend Development

Microservice Architecture at Medium: Lessons, Principles, and Adoption Strategy

This article explains why Medium transitioned from a monolithic Node.js application to a microservice architecture, outlines the three core design principles, shares practical strategies for service creation, decoupling, observability, deployment, and how to avoid common microservice pitfalls.

Backend DevelopmentMicroservicesobservability
0 likes · 20 min read
Microservice Architecture at Medium: Lessons, Principles, and Adoption Strategy
DataFunTalk
DataFunTalk
Jun 17, 2019 · Big Data

Understanding Hadoop’s Core Competitiveness in the Trillion‑Scale Data Era

This article explores Hadoop’s role in the big‑data era, detailing its architecture, core components such as HDFS, YARN, MapReduce, Ozone and Submarine, the challenges of trillion‑scale data, and why its scalability, cost efficiency, and a mature ecosystem give it a competitive edge.

Data LakeHadoopMapReduce
0 likes · 11 min read
Understanding Hadoop’s Core Competitiveness in the Trillion‑Scale Data Era
Java Backend Technology
Java Backend Technology
Jun 17, 2019 · Backend Development

How Taobao Scaled from Single Server to Billion-User Architecture

This article uses Taobao as a case study to trace the evolution of a backend system from a single‑machine setup to a multi‑layer, highly available, horizontally scalable architecture that can handle tens of millions of concurrent users, summarizing key technologies and design principles at each stage.

ArchitectureBackendMicroservices
0 likes · 22 min read
How Taobao Scaled from Single Server to Billion-User Architecture
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jun 12, 2019 · Fundamentals

Comprehensive Guide to Distributed System Theory – Curated Article Collection

This resource compiles a complete series of articles on distributed system theory covering consistency, consensus, high availability, scalability, performance, testing, and operations, offering both quick overviews for newcomers and in‑depth readings for practitioners seeking to master modern distributed architectures.

ArchitecturePerformanceconsistency
0 likes · 8 min read
Comprehensive Guide to Distributed System Theory – Curated Article Collection
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jun 10, 2019 · Backend Development

Design and Implementation of Zhihu's Long Connection Gateway

This article explains how Zhihu designed a scalable long‑connection gateway that decouples business logic via a publish‑subscribe model, implements ACL‑based authorization, ensures message reliability with acknowledgments and sliding windows, and leverages OpenResty, Redis, and Kafka for load‑balanced, fault‑tolerant backend services.

KafkaLong Connectiongateway
0 likes · 13 min read
Design and Implementation of Zhihu's Long Connection Gateway
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jun 3, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution of Server Architecture for High Concurrency: From Single‑Machine to Cloud‑Native Solutions

This article uses Taobao as a case study to trace the step‑by‑step evolution of server‑side architecture from a single‑machine deployment to distributed clusters, caching, load‑balancing, database sharding, micro‑services, containerization and finally cloud platforms, summarizing the key technologies and design principles at each stage.

ArchitectureCloud Computingdatabase sharding
0 likes · 25 min read
Evolution of Server Architecture for High Concurrency: From Single‑Machine to Cloud‑Native Solutions
21CTO
21CTO
May 30, 2019 · Backend Development

How Weibo Handles Billion‑Scale Short Video Traffic: High‑Concurrency Architecture Deep Dive

This article explains how Weibo's video team designs a highly available, high‑concurrency architecture for short‑video services, covering team responsibilities, business scenarios, microservice design, caching layers, multi‑data‑center HA, and circuit‑breaker mechanisms to sustain unpredictable traffic spikes.

BackendHAMicroservices
0 likes · 12 min read
How Weibo Handles Billion‑Scale Short Video Traffic: High‑Concurrency Architecture Deep Dive
360 Tech Engineering
360 Tech Engineering
May 30, 2019 · Artificial Intelligence

Louvain Algorithm: Theory, Design, and Implementation

The article explains the Louvain community‑detection algorithm, detailing its modularity‑maximizing objective, two‑step iterative process, efficient graph data structures, practical implementation considerations, and performance results on large‑scale graphs, providing a comprehensive guide for practitioners.

Modularityc-implementationcommunity-detection
0 likes · 7 min read
Louvain Algorithm: Theory, Design, and Implementation
Xianyu Technology
Xianyu Technology
May 28, 2019 · Backend Development

Design of a Scalable Ad Placement System for Xianyu

The article describes a scalable placement system for Xianyu that links front‑end resource slots with multiple backend data sources via a visual‑schema‑driven API, enabling personalized banner and feed content, batch request optimization, rapid campaign management, and reduced developer effort while serving millions of users daily.

JSON Schemaad placementdynamic forms
0 likes · 8 min read
Design of a Scalable Ad Placement System for Xianyu
ITPUB
ITPUB
May 14, 2019 · Databases

How Didi Built Fusion: From NoSQL to NewSQL and Distributed Database Design

This article details Didi's evolution from a self‑built NoSQL system called Fusion to a NewSQL solution and outlines the challenges, architectural highlights, data migration mechanisms, and future distributed database design, providing concrete metrics, diagrams, and practical lessons learned.

NewSQLNoSQLRocksDB
0 likes · 18 min read
How Didi Built Fusion: From NoSQL to NewSQL and Distributed Database Design
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Apr 27, 2019 · Backend Development

Scalable Distributed System Design Using the Cube Model (X/Y/Z Axis Expansion)

The article introduces the Cube Model for scalable microservice architectures, explaining how X‑axis (horizontal scaling), Y‑axis (functional decomposition) and Z‑axis (data partitioning and isolation) expansions address capacity, complexity, and differentiated service demands in high‑traffic distributed systems.

Data Partitioningbackend architectureload balancing
0 likes · 9 min read
Scalable Distributed System Design Using the Cube Model (X/Y/Z Axis Expansion)
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Apr 26, 2019 · Databases

Database Bottlenecks and Sharding Strategies (Horizontal & Vertical Partitioning)

The article explains common database performance bottlenecks such as I/O and CPU limits, and details horizontal and vertical sharding techniques—including database and table partitioning—along with tools, implementation steps, common issues, scaling strategies, and practical examples for improving scalability and reliability.

Horizontal PartitioningPerformanceVertical Partitioning
0 likes · 10 min read
Database Bottlenecks and Sharding Strategies (Horizontal & Vertical Partitioning)
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Apr 25, 2019 · Artificial Intelligence

Designing High‑Quality Recommendation Services: Principles and Strategies

This article explains how to build high‑performance, highly‑available, scalable, extensible, and secure recommendation services by outlining background concepts, defining quality criteria, discussing design challenges, and presenting concrete architectural principles and practical strategies.

Architectureavailabilityrecommendation system
0 likes · 29 min read
Designing High‑Quality Recommendation Services: Principles and Strategies
21CTO
21CTO
Apr 24, 2019 · Databases

Which DB Architecture Wins? High Availability, Performance & Consistency Explained

This article examines core database architecture principles—high availability, performance, consistency, and scalability—and compares four common deployment patterns (primary‑standby, dual‑primary, primary‑replica with read/write separation, and a hybrid dual‑primary/replica design), followed by detailed consistency solutions and practical insights for real‑world implementation.

Read-Write Separationconsistencydatabase architecture
0 likes · 11 min read
Which DB Architecture Wins? High Availability, Performance & Consistency Explained
Youzan Coder
Youzan Coder
Apr 7, 2019 · Industry Insights

How Youzan Scaled Order Search: Hot‑State Indexing and AKF Expansion

This article reviews the evolution of Youzan's order search architecture over two years, detailing challenges from data growth, the creation of a hot‑state index covering half of search traffic, time‑sharded indexes, and the AKF expansion cube that guides multi‑axis scalability.

Backend DevelopmentElasticsearchSearch Architecture
0 likes · 10 min read
How Youzan Scaled Order Search: Hot‑State Indexing and AKF Expansion
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Mar 28, 2019 · Operations

Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, and Algorithms Explained

Load balancing distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers to improve performance, ensure high availability, and enable scalability, and this article explains its core principles, various classifications such as DNS, IP, layer‑2 and hybrid methods, and common algorithms like round‑robin, least connections, hash and weighted distribution.

DNSNetwork Architecturehardware load balancer
0 likes · 13 min read
Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, and Algorithms Explained
Architects' Tech Alliance
Architects' Tech Alliance
Mar 22, 2019 · Operations

Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, and Algorithms Explained

This comprehensive guide explains why load balancing is essential for high‑traffic websites, details vertical and horizontal scaling, compares DNS, IP, link‑layer, and hybrid approaches, outlines common algorithms such as round‑robin and weighted, and reviews hardware versus software solutions.

AlgorithmsHardwaredistributed systems
0 likes · 12 min read
Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, and Algorithms Explained
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Mar 17, 2019 · Fundamentals

Mastering Scalable Architecture: The Power of Simplicity, Fit, and Evolution

This article outlines three core architecture design principles—appropriateness, simplicity, and evolution—illustrated with Taobao’s journey from a simple PHP site to a sophisticated, self‑developed distributed system, showing how fitting solutions, keeping designs simple, and iteratively evolving with business needs lead to sustainable scalability.

Architecturecase studydesign principles
0 likes · 6 min read
Mastering Scalable Architecture: The Power of Simplicity, Fit, and Evolution
AntTech
AntTech
Mar 12, 2019 · Databases

Evolution and Architecture of OceanBase Distributed Database

OceanBase, a fully proprietary distributed NewSQL database, has evolved over eight years to support high‑availability, strong consistency via Paxos, flexible replica management, OBProxy routing, LSM‑Tree storage, and migration tools, enabling seamless scaling, disaster recovery, and Oracle compatibility for large‑scale financial services.

PaxosReplicationdistributed database
0 likes · 15 min read
Evolution and Architecture of OceanBase Distributed Database
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Mar 6, 2019 · Databases

How NetEase Built an Automated DBA Platform with AIOps for Massive Scale

This article details NetEase's journey in designing and implementing a large‑scale database automation platform, covering its requirements, tool‑based operations, architecture, AIOps integration, and the practical lessons learned for managing thousands of database clusters efficiently.

AIOpsDatabase AutomationOperations
0 likes · 20 min read
How NetEase Built an Automated DBA Platform with AIOps for Massive Scale
AntTech
AntTech
Mar 6, 2019 · Databases

How Ant Financial Scaled the 2019 Alipay New Year Red Envelope Event with GeaBase Graph Database and Real‑Time Data Intelligence

The 2019 Alipay New Year "Five Blessings" red‑envelope campaign, serving 450 million users, leveraged Ant Financial's GeaBase distributed graph database, a real‑time data‑intelligence platform, and OceanBase elastic resources to achieve millisecond‑level ranking, seconds‑level transaction audit, and seamless high‑concurrency performance.

AlipayBackendReal-time Analytics
0 likes · 10 min read
How Ant Financial Scaled the 2019 Alipay New Year Red Envelope Event with GeaBase Graph Database and Real‑Time Data Intelligence
Tencent Cloud Developer
Tencent Cloud Developer
Feb 27, 2019 · Operations

Operational Challenges and Strategies for Tencent Cloud Redis

Facing metadata inconsistency, ten‑thousand‑device scale, and the need for intelligent, event‑driven automation, Tencent Cloud Redis’s sole operations lead built a unified DB‑CMDB, a job‑platform for reusable workflows, and AI‑assisted scheduling, transforming DBAs into developer‑operators and driving 300% efficiency gains.

DevOpsRedisTencent Cloud
0 likes · 9 min read
Operational Challenges and Strategies for Tencent Cloud Redis
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Feb 27, 2019 · Databases

Evolution of Meituan’s Database Platform: From Manual Operations to Intelligent Automation

This article outlines Meituan’s transition of its database platform from manual, script‑based operations through tool‑ and product‑centric stages to a private‑cloud and automation era, discusses current challenges such as root‑cause analysis and staffing, and shares insights on moving toward fully intelligent, data‑driven database operations.

Cloud ComputingPlatform Engineeringautomation
0 likes · 13 min read
Evolution of Meituan’s Database Platform: From Manual Operations to Intelligent Automation
Java Captain
Java Captain
Feb 22, 2019 · Fundamentals

Comprehensive Overview of Distributed Systems and Microservice Architecture

This article provides a thorough introduction to distributed systems, covering fundamental theories such as nodes, networks, time, ordering, consistency models (CAP, ACID, BASE), design patterns, scenario classifications, engineering practices, and the full technology stack needed to build and operate microservice‑based distributed applications.

ArchitectureMicroservicesconsistency
0 likes · 37 min read
Comprehensive Overview of Distributed Systems and Microservice Architecture
Tencent Cloud Developer
Tencent Cloud Developer
Feb 20, 2019 · Databases

Understanding Database Sharding: Concepts, Benefits, Drawbacks, and Strategies

Database sharding, a horizontal partitioning technique that splits a table’s rows across multiple nodes, enables scalable performance and fault isolation for high‑traffic applications, but introduces complexity, potential data imbalance, and recovery challenges, so it should be adopted only after simpler optimizations are exhausted.

Data PartitioningPerformancedatabase sharding
0 likes · 15 min read
Understanding Database Sharding: Concepts, Benefits, Drawbacks, and Strategies
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Feb 15, 2019 · Backend Development

How We Scaled a Company‑Wide Search Platform from 1.0 to 4.0

This article recounts the evolution of Youzan's internal search platform—from a simple Elasticsearch cluster in 2015 through multiple architectural revisions, advanced query middleware, big‑data integration, and a proxy‑based service layer—highlighting the technical challenges and solutions that enabled scalable, reliable search for billions of records.

ArchitectureBackendscalability
0 likes · 11 min read
How We Scaled a Company‑Wide Search Platform from 1.0 to 4.0
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Feb 11, 2019 · Databases

How Partitioned Tables Supercharge MySQL Performance and Their Limits

This article demonstrates how MySQL partition tables dramatically improve query speed for large datasets, compares partition-key, secondary-index, and full‑scan queries, outlines the practical performance gains, and details the numerous limitations and trade‑offs that influence when to adopt partitioning versus sharding.

MySQLPartitioningdatabase
0 likes · 15 min read
How Partitioned Tables Supercharge MySQL Performance and Their Limits
Architect's Tech Stack
Architect's Tech Stack
Jan 20, 2019 · Backend Development

From Monolith to Unitized Architecture: Overcoming Unlimited Scaling Limits of Sharding

The article traces the evolution of backend services from monolithic applications through RPC-based scaling and database sharding, explains why sharding alone cannot achieve unlimited scalability due to connection limits, and proposes a unitized architecture that partitions databases per service to overcome these constraints.

Database Connectionsscalabilitysharding
0 likes · 6 min read
From Monolith to Unitized Architecture: Overcoming Unlimited Scaling Limits of Sharding
Meituan Technology Team
Meituan Technology Team
Jan 17, 2019 · Information Security

Design and Architecture of a Scalable Host‑Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS)

The paper presents a highly scalable, low‑overhead Host‑based Intrusion Detection System architecture designed for hundreds of thousands of servers, emphasizing cluster high‑availability, strong consistency via a CP‑oriented etcd backend, Go‑based agents with efficient resource management, modular sandboxing, and robust process monitoring to ensure reliable, secure operation at massive scale.

CAP theoremHIDSdistributed systems
0 likes · 26 min read
Design and Architecture of a Scalable Host‑Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS)
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Jan 15, 2019 · Backend Development

7 Essential Strategies to Build High‑Concurrency Back‑End Systems

Designing high‑concurrency applications requires adopting stateless services, modular decomposition, service‑oriented architecture, message queues, data heterogeneity handling, multi‑layer caching, and parallel processing, each illustrated with practical e‑commerce examples that balance scalability, fault tolerance, and eventual consistency.

Microservicesbackend architecturecaching
0 likes · 7 min read
7 Essential Strategies to Build High‑Concurrency Back‑End Systems
Architects Research Society
Architects Research Society
Jan 12, 2019 · Fundamentals

Architectural Trade‑offs: Why eBay and Amazon Avoid Distributed Transactions and Embrace BASE

The article examines how architects of large-scale systems like eBay and Amazon forgo traditional ACID transactions in favor of BASE principles, balancing consistency, availability, and scalability through application‑level designs, async processing, and strategic trade‑offs informed by the CAP theorem.

ArchitectureBASETransactions
0 likes · 6 min read
Architectural Trade‑offs: Why eBay and Amazon Avoid Distributed Transactions and Embrace BASE
ITFLY8 Architecture Home
ITFLY8 Architecture Home
Jan 3, 2019 · Fundamentals

What Is Software Architecture? Core Principles, Types, and How to Evaluate Them

Software architecture defines the structural skeleton of a system, encompassing components, connectors, constraints, and guiding principles; this article explains its essence, various classifications—from business to deployment—and offers practical criteria for assessing stability, efficiency, and security in modern server‑based applications.

Backendscalabilitysoftware design
0 likes · 15 min read
What Is Software Architecture? Core Principles, Types, and How to Evaluate Them
Java Backend Technology
Java Backend Technology
Jan 2, 2019 · Databases

Why You Should Rethink Using Foreign Keys in Modern Applications

This article examines the benefits and drawbacks of database foreign key constraints, highlighting issues such as performance overhead, concurrency bottlenecks, scalability limitations, and increased operational complexity, and argues why handling relationships in the application layer is often preferable.

Foreign Keysdatabase designscalability
0 likes · 5 min read
Why You Should Rethink Using Foreign Keys in Modern Applications
vivo Internet Technology
vivo Internet Technology
Dec 28, 2018 · Big Data

Running a 400+ Node Elasticsearch Cluster: Architecture, Scaling, and Performance Tuning

Meltwater’s media‑monitoring platform runs a custom Elasticsearch 1.7.6 cluster of over 400 nodes on AWS, handling 200 TB of primary data and 3 million daily documents while serving thousands of complex queries per minute, achieved through careful shard design, master‑node configuration, extensive performance tuning, and automated provisioning.

AWSElasticsearchJVM
0 likes · 13 min read
Running a 400+ Node Elasticsearch Cluster: Architecture, Scaling, and Performance Tuning
Java Captain
Java Captain
Dec 15, 2018 · Fundamentals

Understanding Distributed and Cluster Deployments: A Restaurant Analogy

The article uses a restaurant scenario to explain the differences between centralized, cluster, and distributed system deployments, illustrating how performance, security, scalability, and availability map to user requirements and why scaling from a single server to clusters and distributed architectures is essential as demand grows.

OperationsPerformancescalability
0 likes · 7 min read
Understanding Distributed and Cluster Deployments: A Restaurant Analogy
Java Backend Technology
Java Backend Technology
Dec 9, 2018 · Backend Development

Why Extending Timeouts in Spring Cloud Can Crash Your System (And How to Fix It)

The article examines a real‑world Spring Cloud microservice case where naive timeout extensions mask deep performance issues, explains how massive data growth and complex SQL cause thread‑pool exhaustion, and provides step‑by‑step optimizations—including query refactoring, proper timeout settings, retries, and idempotency—to restore stability under high concurrency.

FeignMicroservicesRibbon
0 likes · 10 min read
Why Extending Timeouts in Spring Cloud Can Crash Your System (And How to Fix It)
Architect's Tech Stack
Architect's Tech Stack
Dec 7, 2018 · Backend Development

System Decomposition and Architectural Evolution: Strategies for Scaling E‑commerce Platforms

The article outlines how increasing business complexity and throughput demands drive the need for system splitting, architectural upgrades, and micro‑service adoption, detailing horizontal scaling, vertical and business partitioning, database sharding, and the evolution toward resilient, high‑performance backend infrastructures.

database shardingscalabilitysystem architecture
0 likes · 9 min read
System Decomposition and Architectural Evolution: Strategies for Scaling E‑commerce Platforms
Dada Group Technology
Dada Group Technology
Nov 30, 2018 · Big Data

Evolution of JD Daojia Order Center Elasticsearch Cluster: Architecture, Scaling, and Lessons Learned

This article details how JD Daojia's order center migrated from MySQL to a multi‑stage Elasticsearch cluster—covering initial deployment, isolation, replica tuning, primary‑secondary setup, real‑time dual‑cluster upgrades, data synchronization methods, and key pitfalls—to achieve massive scalability, high availability, and performance for billions of orders.

Elasticsearchcluster architecturedata synchronization
0 likes · 13 min read
Evolution of JD Daojia Order Center Elasticsearch Cluster: Architecture, Scaling, and Lessons Learned
Tencent Cloud Developer
Tencent Cloud Developer
Nov 12, 2018 · Cloud Native

9 Fundamentals of a Successful Microservice Design

Microservice architecture, likened to the human body's independent systems, breaks monolithic applications into loosely‑coupled, high‑cohesion services with isolated data stores and well‑designed APIs, enabling flexibility, scalability, and continuous delivery, while requiring careful scope definition, automation, monitoring, and handling of added DevOps complexity.

APIArchitectureDevOps
0 likes · 13 min read
9 Fundamentals of a Successful Microservice Design
Programmer DD
Programmer DD
Nov 8, 2018 · Databases

Mastering Sharding: When and How to Use Partitioning, Sharding, and NoSQL

This article explains why modern applications dealing with massive user, order, and transaction data must move beyond single‑table designs, compares partitioning, sharding (分库分表), and NoSQL/NewSQL solutions, and provides practical guidance on choosing middleware, sharding columns, and hybrid architectures such as es + HBase.

database partitioningmiddlewarescalability
0 likes · 15 min read
Mastering Sharding: When and How to Use Partitioning, Sharding, and NoSQL
Alibaba Cloud Developer
Alibaba Cloud Developer
Nov 6, 2018 · Operations

How Alibaba Scaled Double 11: Lessons from a Decade of E‑commerce Mega‑Events

From its humble 2009 launch to the 2018 tenth anniversary, Alibaba’s Double 11 shopping festival evolved through relentless technical challenges—system crashes, CDN bottlenecks, over‑selling bugs, and massive load‑testing innovations—offering a decade‑long case study in operations, scalability, and resilience for large‑scale e‑commerce platforms.

Load TestingOperationse-commerce
0 likes · 16 min read
How Alibaba Scaled Double 11: Lessons from a Decade of E‑commerce Mega‑Events