This article explains Nacos's architecture, the principles of service registration and discovery, how Spring Cloud integrates Nacos through auto‑configuration and event listeners, and details the registration, heartbeat, and dynamic address update mechanisms used by Nacos servers and clients.
This article explains the fundamentals of microservice architecture, introduces Spring Cloud and its core components, and provides a step‑by‑step tutorial for building a distributed e‑commerce system using Spring Boot, Eureka, Ribbon, Feign, and related Spring Cloud features.
This guide introduces Spring Cloud Tencent, a one‑stop microservice solution that integrates Spring Cloud with Tencent's Polaris service discovery, and provides step‑by‑step instructions—including building the project, adding dependencies, configuring application.yml, and running the application—to quickly set up a functional Spring Cloud Tencent service.
This article explains the microservice architecture style, its evolution from monoliths, the technical challenges it introduces, compares leading open‑source solutions such as Dubbo, Spring Cloud Netflix, and Spring Cloud Alibaba, and details essential components like service registries, configuration centers, API gateways, tracing, fault tolerance, and monitoring.
This article explains the principles of Feign, demonstrates how to set connection and read timeout values using Feign.Builder, method parameters, Options beans, configuration files, Ribbon, and Hystrix, and clarifies the precedence rules among these approaches in both standalone and Spring Cloud contexts.
This article demonstrates how to design and implement token generation, multi‑endpoint storage in Redis, custom login annotations, AOP verification, and corresponding Vue.js client handling for secure authentication across PC and mobile platforms within a Spring Cloud micro‑service system.
This guide introduces Spring Cloud, explains its core features such as configuration management, service discovery, circuit breaking, and distributed tracing, and walks through creating a simple microservices system with a config server, Eureka server, user service, and order service using Java and Spring Boot.
This article explains how to solve the WebSocket message delivery problem in microservice architectures by using a lightweight library that provides an @EnableWebSocketLoadBalanceConcept annotation, detailing its design, connection management, message routing, and customizable selectors for targeted delivery.
This article examines the challenges of a complex supply‑chain system built on Spring Cloud, proposes introducing an API layer to handle aggregation, distributed calls and decoration, and further adopts a Backend‑for‑Frontend (BFF) approach to reduce service coupling, improve client‑specific optimization, and streamline team responsibilities.
This article examines three practical approaches for preventing external exposure of specific APIs—service isolation, gateway‑based Redis whitelist, and gateway‑plus‑AOP—evaluates their trade‑offs, and provides step‑by‑step Java code to implement the preferred AOP solution in a Spring Cloud environment.
Developers and architects can compare Apache Dubbo, Spring Cloud, gRPC, and Istio across architecture, performance, scalability, and governance, gaining clear guidance on selecting the right micro‑service framework and understanding each tool’s strengths, protocol support, and integration patterns for enterprise‑grade cloud‑native applications.
This tutorial explains how to protect sensitive Spring Boot configuration values by encrypting them and automatically decrypting them at runtime using Spring Cloud Context's DecryptEnvironmentPostProcessor, complete with dependency setup, code examples, and JCE installation guidance.
This article explains how to configure Feign's timeout settings in various scenarios—including standalone usage, Spring Cloud integration, Ribbon, and Hystrix—detailing builder options, method‑level parameters, bean declarations, and configuration‑file approaches while highlighting priority rules and potential pitfalls.
This article demonstrates how to achieve low‑cost, code‑minimal integration between Apache Dubbo and Spring Cloud, enabling mixed deployment and migration scenarios by leveraging Dubbo’s built‑in REST support, multi‑protocol publishing, and Nacos registration, with complete sample code and configuration details.
This article explains why circuit breakers are essential in microservice architectures, introduces Netflix's Hystrix library, details its design principles, shows step‑by‑step demos for Ribbon and Feign integration, and covers dashboards, Turbine, isolation strategies, request merging, caching, and related Spring Boot SPI mechanisms.
This guide explains how to improve Spring Cloud's low default performance by configuring and tuning components such as the servlet container (switching to Undertow), Feign, Hystrix, Ribbon, and Zuul, providing detailed code snippets and parameter recommendations for high‑concurrency scenarios.
This article explains Eureka's role as a Spring Cloud service registry, detailing its definition, core functions of registration and discovery, basic architecture, operational principles, and a step‑by‑step workflow that enables reliable microservice communication.
This article dissects the inner workings of Netflix’s Zuul gateway, contrasting its servlet‑based blocking model with Spring Cloud Gateway’s reactive approach, and walks through route collection, handler registration, request processing, and filter loading, complete with key Java code examples.
This guide explains what Higress is, compares it with traditional gateways, and provides step‑by‑step instructions—including code snippets—to deploy Higress 1.1 as a standalone, non‑Kubernetes cloud‑native gateway, configure routes, and test migration from Spring Cloud Gateway for microservice applications.
This article explains the principles and practical steps for implementing graceful startup and shutdown in microservices, covering service pre‑warming, registration strategies, Spring Cloud and Polaris demos, Docker container handling, and the benefits and challenges of lossless service lifecycle management.
This article explains how to restrict certain microservice interfaces to internal calls only by using two approaches—gateway with whitelist and gateway combined with AOP—detailing the implementation steps, code examples, and trade‑offs in a Spring Cloud environment.
Explore comprehensive strategies for implementing rate limiting in Java microservice architectures, covering Dubbo and Spring Cloud governance, token bucket, semaphore, Sentinel, Redis+Lua, and custom Spring Boot starter solutions, complete with code samples, configuration steps, and performance testing guidance.
Spring Cloud 2022.0.3 has been released on Maven Central, bringing compatibility with Spring Boot 3.1.x, numerous feature enhancements across Commons, Gateway, Stream, Function, Config, and Netflix modules, a detailed dependency version list, and a preview of the upcoming 2023 “Leyton” release.
This article examines the challenges of a complex supply‑chain system built on Spring Cloud, proposes an API aggregation layer and a Backend‑for‑Frontend (BFF) pattern to reduce service coupling and client‑specific adaptation, and discusses practical implementation details and team organization.
Spring Cloud 2022.0.3 has been released on Maven Central, bringing compatibility with Spring Boot 3.1.x, new features like batch route addition in Gateway, enhanced Kafka Stream support, initial serverless deployment for Spring MVC, and a detailed list of module version updates and known bugs.
This guide explains how to adopt Higress, a high‑performance C++‑based cloud‑native gateway, to replace traditional Java gateways in Spring Cloud ecosystems and demonstrates blue‑green, canary, and A/B testing deployments on Kubernetes using Nacos for service discovery.
This article explains how to move authentication from the gateway to individual Spring Cloud microservices by defining three custom annotations and an AOP aspect, while also covering Feign‑based calls and providing practical code examples for implementation.
This article explains how to simplify OpenFeign calls during local development by configuring FeignClient URLs through a custom ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar, avoiding manual code changes for production, and provides step‑by‑step implementation, configuration, and testing guidance for Spring Cloud microservices.
This article introduces a comprehensive open-source Hospital Information System (HIS) project built with Spring Cloud and Spring Boot 2.x, detailing its functional modules, architecture diagram, backend and frontend technology stacks, deployment plans, and the public repository link.
This article introduces an open‑source Hospital Information System built with Spring Cloud and Spring Boot, detailing its modular architecture, backend and frontend technology stacks, deployment plans, repository components, visual demos, business workflow diagrams, and the project's public source address.
OpenFeign, originally Netflix Feign, provides a declarative way to perform remote service calls by generating dynamic proxy classes that translate interface methods into HTTP requests, and this article explains its origins, basic usage, annotation processing, and the detailed steps of its dynamic proxy creation.
This article explains the concept, advantages, design considerations, and step‑by‑step implementation of a multi‑tenant architecture using Spring Boot and Spring Cloud, covering database strategies, tenant isolation, dynamic routing, and deployment scenarios for SaaS applications.
This article provides a step‑by‑step guide on configuring Sa‑Token for login, permission, SSO and distributed session management in a Spring Cloud Alibaba gateway and a separate authorization service, including Maven dependencies, bootstrap settings, global filters, exception handling, role/permission interfaces, and testing procedures.
This article explains the origins, usage, and internal dynamic‑proxy workflow of Spring Cloud OpenFeign, illustrating how FeignClient interfaces are scanned, annotated, and transformed into remote service calls through generated proxy classes, with code examples and diagrams.
This article introduces an open‑source Hospital Information System built with Spring Cloud and Spring Boot, outlines its core modules such as clinical, pharmacy, finance and patient management, details the backend and frontend technology stacks, shows architecture diagrams, and provides the repository link for developers.
This article demonstrates how to create a fully reactive backend using Spring Cloud Finchley, WebFlux, Eureka service discovery, and Reactive MongoDB, covering service registration, inter‑service communication with WebClient, and reactive data access to achieve a complete reactive microservices stack.
This article explains how to isolate multiple service versions in a distributed microservice architecture using custom routing rules, load‑balancing strategies, and gray‑release techniques, providing practical guidance for implementing version‑specific and service‑specific routing with Spring Cloud.
This article explains the purpose, source code, usage steps, and internal working principle of Spring Cloud's @RefreshScope annotation, showing how it leverages scope proxying, refresh events, and bean cache management to achieve dynamic configuration refresh in microservice applications.
This article compares Spring Cloud and Dubbo across protocol handling, performance tuning, load‑balancing strategies, fault‑tolerance mechanisms, and routing/traffic‑scheduling features, highlighting the flexibility of Dubbo and the simplicity of Spring Cloud in microservice architectures.
This comprehensive guide walks you through Alibaba Sentinel—its core concepts, installation, integration with Spring Cloud microservices, flow control, degradation, hotspot parameter limiting, system adaptive protection, blacklist/whitelist, rule persistence with Nacos, cluster flow control, and custom exception handling—providing code examples, configuration snippets, and dashboard screenshots for each feature.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud fundamentals, including microservice concepts, service registration and discovery, circuit breaking, load balancing, and key components such as Eureka, Feign, Ribbon, Hystrix, and Spring Cloud Config, supplemented with interview‑style questions and code examples.
This article provides an in‑depth tutorial on Alibaba Sentinel, covering its core concepts, installation of the dashboard, version selection, flow‑control configuration, degrade rules, hotspot parameter limiting, system adaptive protection, custom block handlers, blacklist/whitelist settings, rule persistence with Nacos, push‑mode synchronization, and cluster flow‑control setup for microservice applications.
This article explains how to solve the problem of message loss in WebSocket communication within a micro‑service architecture by introducing a library that uses a single configuration annotation to automatically establish inter‑instance connections, manage message routing, and support custom selectors for targeted delivery.
This article introduces Alibaba Sentinel's lightweight traffic‑control and circuit‑breaking capabilities, walks through quick setup, advanced rule configuration, Spring Cloud Alibaba integration, custom extensions, distributed lock and A/B testing implementations, and discusses its limitations and future prospects for microservice reliability.
This article presents a comprehensive collection of high‑frequency Spring Cloud interview questions covering core concepts, microservice fundamentals, service discovery, load balancing, circuit breaking, Eureka vs Zookeeper, and practical usage of Feign, Ribbon, Hystrix, and Spring Cloud Config, helping readers deepen their cloud‑native architecture knowledge.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud, covering its core components, microservice concepts, service discovery, load balancing, circuit breaking, configuration management, and practical interview questions with code examples such as Eureka, Feign, Ribbon, and Hystrix.
This article explains how to solve the WebSocket message‑delivery problem in a micro‑service environment by introducing a lightweight library that uses a custom annotation to automatically forward messages between service instances, with detailed design, configuration, and code examples.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud fundamentals, including core components, microservice concepts, service discovery, load balancing, circuit breaking, Eureka vs Zookeeper, Feign, Ribbon, Config, Bus, and Gateway, together with typical interview questions and practical code snippets.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud fundamentals, including core components, microservice concepts, service discovery, load balancing, circuit breaking, and related tools such as Eureka, Zookeeper, Hystrix, Ribbon, and Feign, presented as a series of typical interview questions and answers.
This article explains the challenges of using WebSocket in a micro‑service environment, introduces a load‑balancing library with annotation‑based configuration, and details its abstract design, connection management, message routing, and selector mechanisms for targeted and broadcast communication.
This article presents an open‑source Hospital Information System built with Spring Cloud microservices and a Vue front‑end, detailing its functional modules, architecture diagram, backend and frontend technology stacks, development tools, deployment environment, and sample UI screenshots.
This article details how FuRong Bank tackled integration, protocol heterogeneity, and disaster‑recovery challenges in its core banking platform by adopting Tencent's Polaris service‑mesh, unifying Spring Cloud Tencent, Polaris Java SDK, and gateway solutions to achieve seamless, resilient, and cloud‑native operations.
Spring Cloud Tencent 1.10.2 introduces support for Polaris interface and service-level circuit breaking, custom rate‑limit behavior, a modular starter package, bug fixes, and outlines upcoming plans such as gateway circuit‑break integration, expanded load‑balancing strategies, IP‑based throttling, and GraalVM native‑image support.
This guide walks through creating a fully reactive microservice architecture using Spring Cloud Finchley, WebFlux, and Spring Data Reactive, including setting up a Eureka service registry, building account and customer services with reactive MongoDB repositories, configuring load‑balanced WebClient calls, and demonstrating load‑balancing across multiple instances.
This tutorial demonstrates how to create a fully reactive microservice architecture using Spring Cloud Finchley, WebFlux, Spring Data Reactive, Eureka for service discovery, and MongoDB (via Docker), covering service registration, inter‑service calls with WebClient, and reactive data access.
This tutorial demonstrates how to create a full‑reactive microservice system using Spring Cloud Finchley, WebFlux, Spring Data Reactive MongoDB, and Eureka for service discovery, covering project setup, service registration, reactive repositories, controllers, inter‑service calls with WebClient, and load‑balanced testing.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud fundamentals, including microservice architecture, core components, service registration, communication methods, circuit breaking, load balancing, and configuration management, presented as a collection of high‑frequency interview questions and answers.
The article presents a comprehensive overview of the Wenjie low-code platform, detailing its motivation, front‑end React framework, back‑end Spring Cloud micro‑services architecture, PowerJob scheduler, custom ORM, various data‑modeling and data‑processing scenarios, dashboard visualizations, monitoring and alerting features, as well as future plans and a concluding summary.
This article explains traditional session‑based authentication, introduces JWT and JJWT, and presents two microservice authentication patterns—service‑side verification and gateway‑side verification—detailing their workflows, code examples, advantages, drawbacks, and practical challenges.
This release note details SpringBoot 3.0.3 bug fixes, documentation updates, and dependency upgrades, and introduces Spring Cloud 2021.0.6 with its new features, module improvements, and a concise Maven dependencyManagement snippet, providing developers with a comprehensive overview of the latest stable versions.
Spring Cloud 2021.0.6, built on Spring Framework 5.x and Spring Boot 2.7, introduces the latest stable release with Java 8 minimum, updated dependency management, enhancements across Commons, Netflix, Gateway, Kubernetes, OpenFeign, Stream, and Function modules, plus a Maven Central artifact and code snippet.
This article provides a detailed tutorial on OpenFeign, covering its purpose, differences from Feign, environment setup, service provider and consumer creation, various parameter passing methods, timeout handling, logging configuration, HTTP client replacement, GZIP compression, and Sentinel-based circuit breaking, while also including practical code examples and configuration snippets.
This article explains how to achieve graceful service shutdown and various gray‑release deployment strategies—such as /shutdown, /pause, and /service‑registry endpoints—using Spring Cloud and Eureka, and compares blue‑green, rolling, and canary deployments with practical code examples.
This guide walks through downloading, installing, and initializing Keycloak, creating realms, clients, users and roles, then shows step‑by‑step integration with Spring Boot microservices, token propagation via Feign and Zuul, logout handling, email setup, third‑party login, and essential Keycloak terminology.
This article explains nine common pitfalls when using OpenFeign in Spring Cloud, covering the choice of HTTP client, global and service‑specific timeout settings, Hystrix integration, Ribbon configuration, retry mechanisms, and the trade‑offs of using OpenFeign as a plain HTTP client.
Spring Cloud 2022, built on Spring Framework 6.x and Spring Boot 3.x, requires Java 17 and introduces crucial bug fixes across modules like Gateway, Commons, and Kubernetes, along with new features such as a secure flag for service instances and optimized load‑balancing.
Spring Cloud 2022, built on Spring Framework 6.x and Spring Boot 3.x, introduces critical bug fixes—including memory leaks and Kotlin DSL issues—and requires Java 17, with updated dependency management and new features across Gateway, Commons, and Kubernetes modules.
This article introduces Spring Cloud and explains its five essential components—Eureka service registry, Feign declarative client, Ribbon load balancer, Hystrix circuit breaker, and Zuul API gateway—illustrating how they simplify distributed system development with Spring Boot style one‑click deployment.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Nacos, covering its origins, evolution of the configuration center, typical use cases, step‑by‑step integration methods, troubleshooting tips, high‑availability mechanisms, commercial MSE advantages, migration guides, and the upcoming features in Nacos 3.0.
This article explains the challenges of distributed transactions in microservice architectures, compares two‑phase and three‑phase commit protocols, introduces Alibaba Seata's middleware and its AT mode, and walks through the complete execution flow with code examples and component diagrams.
This article explains how to create a dynamic Feign client in Spring Cloud by defining a generic service interface, a dynamic client wrapper, and a factory that builds Feign instances at runtime, allowing flexible GET and POST calls to any microservice without writing repetitive client interfaces.
Spring Cloud 2022.0.0, built on Spring Framework 6.x and Spring Boot 3.x, introduces a suite of updated modules, full Jakarta EE compatibility, mandatory Java 17 support, and marks OpenFeign as feature‑complete, offering developers a comprehensive toolkit for modern distributed systems.
Spring Cloud 2022.0.0, built on Spring Framework 6.x and Spring Boot 3.x, requires Java 17, introduces Jakarta EE support, marks OpenFeign as feature‑complete, and provides updated Maven dependency management details, while noting the end of OSS support in November 2023.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Nacos as a service registry, covering its core concepts, architecture diagram, registration and discovery principles, detailed source‑code walkthroughs, and practical debugging examples for Spring Cloud microservice environments.
This article explains how to design a non‑intrusive, easy‑to‑configure, fine‑grained RBAC permission system using OAuth2, JWT, and Spring Cloud micro‑services, covering architecture, expression syntax, URL patterns, and micro‑frontend integration for scalable, maintainable access control.
This article explains why PIG chose Tencent Polaris for service governance, outlines the necessary adjustments when moving to Spring Boot 3.0—including Java 17, Jakarta EE, SPI changes, security and documentation updates—and lists the upgraded Spring Boot starters that support the new platform.
This article explains how to implement a full-link gray (canary) release in a Spring Cloud Alibaba microservice architecture by marking traffic at the gateway, propagating the gray tag through request headers, customizing Ribbon load‑balancing, and configuring Nacos metadata for selective service routing.
This guide shows how to install Tencent Polaris, configure Spring Cloud Tencent 3.0 dependencies, register services with Spring Boot 3.0, and consume them via declarative HTTP clients, providing a complete Java 17 microservice discovery solution.
This article walks developers through upgrading Spring Cloud Tencent to the 2022 release, covering JDK 17 installation, Maven dependency updates, handling package conflicts, migrating javax to jakarta imports, adapting auto‑configuration files, and provides practical tips for a smooth transition to Java 17, Spring 6, and Spring Boot 3.
This article introduces Service Mesh fundamentals, traces its evolution to Istio, explains the Proxyless Mesh architecture that eliminates sidecar proxies, and provides a step‑by‑step Spring Cloud demo showing how to enable xDS‑based, sidecar‑free communication across multi‑language microservices on Alibaba Cloud MSE.
This article demonstrates how to configure a Spring Cloud Eureka server and multiple client applications, covering dependency inclusion, YAML configuration, service startup, testing, and three consumption methods—DiscoveryClient, Ribbon‑enabled RestTemplate, and Feign—complete with runnable code examples.
This article compares three approaches—microservice isolation, gateway with Redis whitelist, and a gateway‑plus‑AOP header strategy—to enforce internal‑only API access, and provides a complete Spring Cloud implementation with code examples and a diagram.
This article shares a step‑by‑step experience of refactoring a 10‑year‑old monolithic system—detailing when to refactor, the legacy system’s challenges, migration goals, data migration across data centers, microservice redesign, and practical lessons for ensuring business continuity and smooth rollout.
This article introduces a modular backend service architecture based on Domain-Driven Design, explaining project structure, module composition, hexagonal architecture, and practical code examples using Spring Cloud, illustrating how to achieve flexible, maintainable services through domain models, adapters, and proper boundary definitions.
Spring Cloud 2021.0.5 release adds Azure Timer Trigger support, enhances AWS function invoker, aligns Config repository behavior, enables LoadBalancer RequestData, and introduces Spring Security OAuth2 for OpenFeign, while updating dozens of modules and providing Maven and Gradle BOM usage instructions.
This article traces the evolution of local debugging from simple Tomcat setups to Kubernetes, compares proxy tools like port‑forwarding, VPN, Telepresence and kt‑connect, and explains kt‑connect's four operation modes with practical command examples for developers.
The article examines the challenges of interface placement, service dependencies, and client-specific adaptations in a complex supply‑chain system and proposes an API aggregation layer and Backend‑for‑Frontend (BFF) pattern, detailing implementation with Spring Cloud and practical team division.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to building a microservice ecosystem with Spring Cloud Alibaba, covering essential modules such as service registration, load balancing, configuration, messaging, gateway, fault tolerance, distributed transactions, tracing, and task scheduling, and showing how to integrate them with practical code examples.
This article provides an in‑depth overview of microservice architecture, covering concepts such as RPC frameworks, serialization, CAP/BASE theories, distributed transactions, monitoring, high availability, load balancing, service registration, Dubbo fault‑tolerance strategies, Spring Boot vs MVC differences, core Spring annotations, and auto‑configuration mechanisms.
This article explains how to replace OpenFeign's default HTTP client with OkHttp, configure request and response interceptors, and customize OkHttpClientBuilder in Spring Cloud, providing detailed code examples and configuration steps for effective interceptor implementation.
This article explains what an API gateway is, why it is needed in micro‑service architectures, outlines key design ideas such as request routing, service registration, load balancing, resilience and security, and compares major open‑source gateways like OpenResty, Kong, Zuul and Spring Cloud Gateway.
This article explains how to restrict certain APIs to internal network calls by comparing three approaches—microservice isolation, gateway + Redis whitelist, and gateway + AOP—and provides a complete Java implementation of the AOP solution with code examples.
This article explains three practical solutions for exposing internal‑only APIs in a Spring Cloud environment—separating services, using a gateway with a Redis whitelist, and applying a gateway‑plus‑AOP strategy—complete with code examples and deployment tips.
This article explains how to build a highly extensible modular backend service using Spring Cloud Gateway, Gradle scripts, and service‑discovery metadata to automatically generate and refresh routing configurations for both monolithic and microservice deployment modes.
This article explains how to build a Spring Cloud‑based microservice framework and add full‑stack log traceability by generating a traceId, propagating it via MDC and interceptors, and visualizing the linked logs through ELK, covering both intra‑process and inter‑service scenarios.
This article explains how to use Alibaba Cloud's Microservice Insight to quickly locate which Spring MVC controller processes a specific request in a Spring Cloud environment, covering demo setup, DispatcherServlet internals, rule configuration, and real‑time stack trace collection.
Spring Cloud Tencent 1.7 introduces support for Spring Cloud Hoxton, 2020, and 2021, provides a detailed version list and numbering scheme, and adds major features such as service governance plugins, dynamic configuration improvements, monitoring enhancements, and extended Polaris integration, with links to documentation and repositories.
The article explains why Spring Cloud remains the dominant Java microservice framework, introduces Tencent’s open‑source Polaris‑based Spring Cloud Tencent as a one‑stop cloud‑native solution, and details its discovery, configuration, routing, rate‑limiting, and circuit‑breaker modules, while outlining future plans and how developers can contribute.
Spring Cloud 2021.0.4 (Jubilee) builds on Spring Boot 2.7.x and introduces updates such as JSCH‑based SSH configuration for Config, native JSON support for GRPC filters in Gateway, binary encoding rewrite in OpenFeign, the ability to disable Resilience4J thread‑pool defaults in Circuitbreaker, and various dependency upgrades.
This article explains how to use a non‑intrusive microservice insight capability to dynamically log and observe Ribbon load‑balancing internals, capture service discovery data, and troubleshoot full‑link gray‑release traffic issues in Spring Cloud environments.
