This article explains the fundamental message exchange architectures and routing patterns—including publish‑subscribe, fan‑out, unidirectional and bidirectional streaming, as well as unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast—illustrated with diagrams and practical examples for modern backend systems.
This article explains the fundamentals of microservices architecture, compares it with monolithic (integrated) systems, outlines the problems solved by microservices, details their advantages and disadvantages, provides a practical Java Spring example with code snippets, and discusses strategies for service decomposition and migration.
This article explains the fundamentals of microservice architecture, contrasts it with monolithic designs, outlines the problems microservices solve, lists their advantages and drawbacks, provides a hands‑on code example, and describes practical strategies for splitting and migrating legacy systems.
This article examines the importance of clear application layering—controller, service, manager, and DAO—highlighting common pitfalls, Alibaba’s recommended architecture, and practical strategies for defining responsibilities, reducing code duplication, and improving maintainability across backend projects.
This article summarizes four 2021 GMTC front‑end talks—Meituan's MBC container, Baidu's SmartFeed multi‑end rendering, Shell's middle‑platform front‑end system, and ByteDance's modern web development—highlighting standardization, dynamic configuration, DSL‑driven UI generation, and engineering productivity gains.
This article examines the evolution of China's mobile internet, outlines three cross‑platform development approaches—Web rendering, native rendering, and custom rendering engines like Flutter—analyzes their architectures, advantages, and trade‑offs, and offers guidance for selecting the right solution for different product needs.
This article examines four major API architectural styles—RPC, SOAP, REST, and GraphQL—explaining how each works, outlining their advantages and disadvantages, and providing guidance on selecting the most suitable style for different project requirements.
This article explains the evolution from monolithic applications to microservices, outlines the advantages and disadvantages of both architectures, and provides practical guidance on when and how teams should adopt microservices to improve agility, scalability, and organizational efficiency.
This article examines the architecture of enterprise-level big data platforms at leading Chinese tech firms—Taobao, Meituan, and Didi—detailing their data sources, synchronization components, batch and streaming processing layers, scheduling systems, and common design patterns, while highlighting shared principles across these implementations.
This article explains seven common software architecture patterns—layered, multi‑layer, pipe‑filter, client‑server, MVC, event‑driven, and microservices—detailing their context, the problems they address, typical solutions, drawbacks, and suitable application scenarios.
This article explains the Backend‑for‑Frontend (BFF) pattern, comparing generic APIs with dedicated per‑UI backends, discussing when to adopt BFFs, handling multiple downstream services, reuse strategies, and their impact on team autonomy and mobile development.
This article explains the AKF scalability cube for microservice architecture, detailing the Y‑axis functional decomposition, X‑axis horizontal scaling, Z‑axis data partitioning, as well as front‑end/back‑end separation, stateless services, and RESTful communication, providing practical diagrams and guidance for building robust, scalable systems.
This article outlines a thorough methodology for evaluating software, hardware, and overall system architectures, detailing assessment criteria, a five‑stage evaluation process, quality‑assurance measures, and best‑practice checkpoints to ensure high availability, scalability, security, and cost‑effectiveness of complex engineering projects.
The article explains the concept of hybrid cloud, distinguishes it from multi‑cloud, outlines the four main hybrid‑cloud forms, discusses architectural characteristics such as elasticity, scalability and security, and presents design goals including the five‑connectivity model within the context of new‑infrastructure development.
This article presents a comprehensive visual overview of microservice concepts and architecture evolution, detailing the transition from monolithic to SOA and microservice styles, and introduces Spring Cloud’s core components—including Eureka, Ribbon, Feign, Hystrix, Zuul, Gateway, Config, Bus, OAuth2, and Sleuth—illustrated with 19 mind‑map diagrams.
This article outlines a complete backend technology stack for startups, covering language choices, core components, processes, systemization, and detailed selections for project management, DNS, load balancing, CDN, RPC frameworks, service discovery, databases, messaging, logging, monitoring, configuration, deployment, and operational best practices.
This article traces the historical development of microservice architecture from monolithic to distributed services, outlines its advantages and drawbacks, and presents a comprehensive technology stack—including service communication, API gateways, authentication, fault tolerance, logging, configuration, containerization, orchestration, and CI/CD—to guide practitioners in building robust, scalable backend systems.
This article explains how to design private and hybrid cloud architectures, outlines essential open‑source technologies, discusses scalability, availability, manageability and feasibility, and provides practical guidance on resource measurement, queue load‑balancing, and error‑data handling for robust cloud systems.
Edge computing, the latest computing paradigm beyond distributed, grid, and cloud models, integrates cloud, network, and intelligent edge devices to provide globally coordinated, low‑latency, intelligent services, and its various reference architectures—ETSI MEC, Intel MEC, ECC, and OpenFog—illustrate its resource‑centric, collaborative, and heterogeneous design.
This article details the evolution of JD's Family Account frontend project, covering multi‑platform technical selection, React Native‑based architecture, three‑level component reuse, automation scripts for Redux, interface fault‑tolerance mechanisms, and future plans for broader data services and SDK support.
The article details the design, components, real‑time processing flow, and performance optimizations of 58.com’s streaming speech recognition engine, covering its SDK access layer, logical services, data storage, Kaldi‑based decoding, and the practical impact on voice‑driven applications.
This article explains why and when to split existing microservices, validates the split idea with event storming and data‑model analysis, outlines guiding principles, and provides a detailed, step‑by‑step process—including code restructuring, testing, dependency removal, and database separation—to ensure a smooth transition.
The article reflects on the challenges of inherited “legacy” code, emphasizing why rewriting is risky, how to identify good architectural patterns within it, and practical steps like targeted refactoring, thorough testing, and learning from high‑quality open‑source projects to improve software quality.
This article examines the architectural evolution of JD's Family Account system, detailing challenges of rapid growth, the transition from a classic three‑tier model to a domain‑driven, PaaS‑enabled design, and the resulting improvements in extensibility, decoupling, and cloud‑native deployment.
At Hello Travel, the team detailed how Flutter’s three‑layer architecture and two custom containers—Sparrow Microservice Container and Lumos Cross‑Platform Business Container—enable rapid exposure of native core functions, seamless integration of business logic, and consistent, high‑performance mobile development across more than nine business lines.
This article traces the evolution of a high‑concurrency backend architecture from a single‑machine setup to cloud‑native microservices, detailing ten‑plus stages such as separating Tomcat and DB, adding caches, load‑balancing with Nginx/LVS, read‑write splitting, sharding, containerization, and finally deploying on public cloud, while also summarizing key design principles.
The talk explains why enterprise‑grade development needs serverless—boosting efficiency, cutting costs, eliminating ops, and enabling elastic scaling—then positions serverless within microservices, showcases Tencent Cloud’s TEM platform built on EKS with plug‑in services, and demonstrates serverless middleware such as Pulsar‑based queues, highlighting developer, ops, and business advantages.
Microservice communication can be handled via tightly‑coupled RPC calls or loosely‑coupled event‑driven messaging; this article examines various coupling types, compares RPC and event‑notification, explores event sourcing, API gateways, internal microservice design, and offers practical guidance on selecting the appropriate approach for different business scenarios.
This article outlines the main server hardware architectures—SMP, UMA, and NUMA—explains shared-storage models, details multi-core cache structures from private L1 to shared L3, compares access latencies, and discusses inter-core communication mechanisms and cache coherency protocols.
This article explains how adopting ten essential microservice best practices—such as single responsibility, independent data stores, asynchronous communication, circuit breakers, API gateways, backward‑compatible APIs, versioning, dedicated infrastructure, independent release pipelines, and organizational efficiency—helps build a loosely‑coupled, scalable, and maintainable backend system.
From a fresh Java junior engineer to a seasoned architect, this guide outlines the essential skills, technologies, and responsibilities at each career stage—1‑3 years, 3‑5 years, and 5‑8 years—highlighting data structures, algorithms, frameworks, distributed systems, and database expertise needed for backend development.
This article explains the fundamentals of microservices architecture, outlines its core characteristics and key benefits, and discusses why specialized testing strategies—including system‑level and service‑level performance testing—are essential, while recommending several load‑testing tools for effective evaluation.
This article provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of x86 Linux, covering the historic Intel 8086 processor, segment descriptors, main memory organization, registers, bus architecture, CPU addressing modes, control mechanisms, and the basic instruction execution cycle.
This article presents a comprehensive architecture design for a rapidly growing online education platform, covering background challenges, high‑availability and scalability goals, core design principles, a multi‑layer solution including application, infrastructure, service topology, unified technology stack, standardization, modular services, micro‑service migration, and database and DevOps strategies.
At Gopher China 2021, Go expert Yang Le Duo presented a detailed exploration of a proactive in‑memory cache architecture, describing how his team tackled real‑time data, complex queries, hot‑cold data swapping, and language constraints to improve performance and developer productivity in large‑scale streaming applications.
This article explains the core concepts of microservices, outlines their key benefits such as rapid delivery and scalability, discusses the need for specialized testing strategies, and reviews popular load‑testing tools to ensure reliable performance in distributed systems.
This article explores the concept of abstraction leaks in software design, especially within front‑end development and low‑code platforms, explains why they occur, illustrates common symptoms, and offers practical strategies for developers to manage, redesign, or mitigate such leaks.
Microservices, as lightweight, independent, and loosely coupled services, offer flexibility, rapid delivery, and scalability, but their distributed nature introduces performance challenges that require distinct testing approaches—both system‑level and service‑level—using advanced load‑testing tools such as InfluxDB, JMeter, CloudWatch, and Grafana.
This article presents a practical methodology for handling complex business scenarios by combining top‑down process decomposition with bottom‑up object modeling, emphasizing simple pipelines over heavyweight tools, and demonstrates how to achieve clean, maintainable backend code through real‑world examples and diagrams.
This article compares centralized and distributed software architectures, outlining their definitions, pros and cons, core element differences, business support capabilities, and scalability strategies, helping readers understand when each model is most appropriate for modern large‑scale systems.
This article breaks down Nginx’s high‑performance architecture, covering its modular design, event‑driven processing, multi‑stage asynchronous request handling, master‑worker process model, and memory‑pool strategy, and explains how each component contributes to scalability, low latency, and efficient resource utilization.
This article explains microservices architecture, contrasting it with monolithic systems, outlines the problems solved by microservices, lists their advantages and disadvantages, presents a practical API example with code, and discusses splitting strategies, design principles, and common migration patterns.
This article details how Yuedu Group designed and implemented an overseas big data platform, covering overall system architecture, offline data‑warehouse construction with dimensional modeling, real‑time streaming using Oceanus and ClickHouse, and future plans for cost reduction and data quality assurance.
This article summarizes Nginx's high‑performance architecture, covering its modular design, event‑driven processing, multi‑stage asynchronous request handling, master‑worker process model, and memory‑pool strategy, while illustrating each concept with diagrams and practical observations from recent reading notes.
At ServerlessDays China 2021, CTO Wang Xiaobo explained how his team’s shift to a serverless‑first platform—driven by the need for rapid idea rollout, reduced operational overhead, and faster code‑to‑production cycles—reveals both the strategic advantages of serverless for accelerating monetization and the trade‑offs and pitfalls, such as microservice sprawl and workflow complexity, that must be managed through unified DevOps and architectural evolution.
The Xianyu instant‑messaging system, burdened by years of technical debt, was rebuilt with a Flutter‑centric, four‑layer architecture that shares FlutterEngine instances, introduces an entity cache and custom ORM, simplifies synchronization, and delivers up to 40 MB memory savings, lower power use, reduced CPU load and roughly half the development and testing effort.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservice architecture, covering its definition, history, comparison with monolithic and SOA approaches, core characteristics, practical implementation steps, common design patterns, advantages, challenges, and the mindset shift required for successful adoption.
The article explains how increasing business complexity and system throughput drive the need for system splitting, decoupling, and architectural evolution—covering horizontal scaling, vertical and business splitting, database sharding, caching, and the transition to micro‑services to improve capacity, stability, and performance.
This article explains the fundamental message exchange architectures—such as publish‑subscribe, fan‑out, unidirectional and bidirectional streaming, unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast—and how they are used in systems like Redis, Kafka, RabbitMQ, ZeroMQ and IBM MQ to simplify communication between architects and developers.
The article details the design, architecture, and operational challenges of the Beidou frontend monitoring platform at 58 Group, covering SDK management, behavior trace logging, front‑back link integration, performance optimizations, minute‑level alerting, and permission management.
This article explains cloud computing reference architecture, illustrating private and hybrid cloud setups, and discusses essential design factors such as scalability, availability, manageability, feasibility, measurable resources, queue-based load balancing, error handling, and decoupling to build robust, cost‑effective cloud systems.
This article outlines a comprehensive technical architecture for internet services, covering DNS resolution (including traditional and HttpDNS), load balancing strategies and algorithms, API gateway functions and configurations, push notification mechanisms, and microservice communication patterns, providing practical references for building scalable, reliable backend systems.
This article explains the technical architecture of an internet company, covering DNS, load balancing, long connections, API gateways, push notifications, microservices, distributed transactions, and the supporting foundational services, providing a comprehensive reference for learners.
An in‑depth guide to designing and implementing a unified popup SDK for a mobile commerce app, covering project background, pain points, architectural modules, data models, template factories, code integration, and measurable benefits such as reduced development effort and cleaner dialog management.
This article details how Qingteng FM’s recommendation system progressed from manual curation to strategy‑based and personalized recommendations, explains the multi‑stage algorithm pipeline, describes the three‑layer deployment architecture, and outlines future challenges and opportunities in audio content recommendation.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservices, explaining their definition, core characteristics, advantages and drawbacks, suitable organizational contexts, and the essential technical components such as service discovery, API gateways, configuration centers, communication protocols, monitoring, circuit breaking, and container orchestration platforms.
This article walks through the evolution and design patterns of large‑scale web systems, covering initial single‑server setups, separation of application and data, caching strategies, server clustering, read‑write separation, CDN and reverse proxy usage, distributed storage, micro‑service decomposition, and essential considerations for performance, availability, scalability, extensibility and security.
This article explains how to build a highly available, high‑performance, easily extensible and secure large‑scale website architecture by evolving from a single‑server setup through application‑data separation, caching, server clustering, read‑write separation, CDN/reverse‑proxy, distributed storage, NoSQL, service decomposition, and various architectural patterns.
The Amap Lowcode platform combines a visual JSON‑based builder, serverless functions, and AI‑driven design‑to‑code tools to let both developers and product staff rapidly create, deploy, and iterate recommendation cards across native and H5 clients, leveraging the existing gateway for stable, low‑cost delivery.
This article provides a comprehensive guide for startups on choosing and assembling a backend technology stack, covering language choices, core components such as project management, DNS, load balancing, CDN, RPC frameworks, service discovery, databases, NoSQL, messaging, logging, monitoring, configuration, deployment, and operational best‑practice recommendations.
The author shares a detailed, 8‑month journey as an intern in ByteDance’s front‑end architecture group, describing early challenges, transitions to engineering tooling, deep work on SSR, time‑management struggles, team dynamics, personal growth, and future plans for skill development and sharing.
This guide outlines the essential components of a startup’s backend architecture, covering language choices, middleware, databases, messaging, monitoring, CI/CD, and deployment, and provides practical recommendations for selecting open‑source and cloud services to build a reliable, scalable system from scratch.
This article presents a practical methodology for creating clear software architecture diagrams, explaining core concepts, the 4+1 view classification, common pitfalls, and the C4 model with concrete examples, helping architects choose the right diagram type for their audience and purpose.
This comprehensive guide presents 19 mind maps that walk you through the evolution of software architecture, define microservices, compare monolithic, distributed, and SOA models, and detail Spring Cloud’s core components such as Eureka, Ribbon, Feign, Hystrix, Zuul, Gateway, Config, Bus, OAuth2, and Sleuth.
This article explains the concepts of microkernel architecture, why it improves extensibility, its component structure of core system and plugins, and demonstrates how Java's JDK SPI mechanism implements a plug‑in model with detailed code examples and analysis of its use in JDBC drivers.
This article explains high availability in distributed systems, covering its definition, design objectives, key metrics such as MTBF, MTTR, SLA, and practical design elements like redundancy, monitoring, failover, as well as common Q&A on cost, relationship with other architecture attributes, and implementation considerations.
This article explains how to build a highly available, high‑performance, easily extensible, scalable and secure web application system by describing the evolution of large‑site architectures, common patterns such as layering, clustering, caching, asynchronous processing, and the core architectural factors of performance, availability, scalability, extensibility and security.
This article explains the main components of a Spring Cloud‑Nginx architecture, version compatibility between Spring Cloud and Spring Boot, essential middleware such as Eureka, Nacos, Zuul and Redis, environment preparation on CentOS, and the structure of the crazy‑springcloud scaffolding used for a high‑performance seckill demo.
This guide outlines a four‑layer backend stack—languages, components, processes, and systems—and provides detailed recommendations for project management, DNS, load balancing, CDN, RPC frameworks, service discovery, databases, NoSQL, messaging, code management, CI, logging, monitoring, configuration, deployment, jump servers, and machine management, helping startups design a robust, cloud‑native backend architecture.
This article provides an in‑depth overview of microservice architecture, covering its definition, historical development, differences from monolithic and SOA approaches, core characteristics, practical implementation concerns such as API gateways, inter‑service communication, service discovery, fault tolerance, common design patterns, advantages, drawbacks, and a shift in thinking required for successful adoption.
This article traces the progression of web application architecture from tightly coupled JSP/Servlet MVC models through half‑separated Ajax‑driven approaches to fully separated front‑end/back‑end designs, highlighting how Node.js middle‑layer solutions improve adaptability, performance, and maintainability.
This article explains the fundamental differences between traditional and cloud‑native monitoring systems, outlines the challenges each faces, and details JD.com's evolution from physical servers to JDOS 2.0, describing its modular architecture, deployment model, and ongoing optimization efforts.
This article provides a clear, visual walkthrough of Kafka’s fundamental architecture, explaining how producers and consumers interact, the role of topics and partitions, consumer groups, and ZooKeeper’s coordination, helping readers grasp message flow, storage, ordering, and fault‑tolerance in a distributed streaming system.
This article explains why learning MySQL is important, outlines the focus of a multi‑part series covering MySQL's underlying principles, installation on macOS, basic architecture components, InnoDB features, and what readers can gain such as SQL optimization and cluster building skills.
This guide walks through the four‑layer backend architecture—language, components, processes, and systems—and offers practical recommendations for selecting project management, DNS, load balancing, CDN, RPC frameworks, databases, messaging, CI/CD, logging, monitoring, configuration, and deployment tools tailored to early‑stage companies.
This article explores Nginx's origins, why it outperformed Apache, its core features such as event‑driven architecture and modularity, explains forward and reverse proxy concepts, and details the load‑balancing algorithms Nginx supports, providing practical insights for backend engineers.
From its 2003 LAMP beginnings to a modern cloud-native stack, Taobao’s architecture journey illustrates how the platform tackled rapid growth, adopted Oracle, Java, distributed caching, CDN, and ultimately migrated to Alibaba Cloud services, offering practical best‑practice insights for large‑scale e‑commerce systems.
This article explains how concise yet valuable project documentation—README, architecture, and API docs—helps developers onboard quickly, understand system design, and maintain long‑term project health, while offering practical content guidelines and real‑world examples.
This article outlines a comprehensive backend technology stack for startup companies, detailing language choices, essential components, processes, system tools, and best‑practice recommendations across areas such as project management, DNS, load balancing, databases, messaging, CI/CD, monitoring, and deployment.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservice architecture, covering its definition, history, contrast with monolithic development, core characteristics, distinctions from SOA, practical implementation steps, common design patterns, advantages, challenges, and recommended reading resources.
This article curates a series of technical insights covering scalable frontend platform engineering, JavaScript assignment and prototype chain nuances, Chrome's default HTTPS shift, deep dives into React Server Components and error handling, GRASP design principles, and additional readings on responsive design, OS storage, Flutter hot reload, and streaming video evolution.
This article details the design and evolution of the ReX Dev front‑end engineering platform used by Alibaba's Hema, covering its layered architecture, robust metadata model, flexible pipeline engine, SPI‑based service extensions, LowCode/ProCode interconversion, and practical guidelines for building a high‑productivity, extensible development platform.
This article examines Ctrip’s Hermes messaging system, tracing its evolution from a simple Mongo‑based queue to a broker‑centric, MySQL/Kafka hybrid architecture, and explains the design choices, performance optimizations, cluster management via lease‑based meta‑server, and lessons learned for building high‑throughput, low‑latency MQ solutions.
This tutorial provides a detailed walkthrough of ProcessOn, covering flowchart creation, mind‑mapping, template usage, collaboration features, file organization, pricing plans, and additional highlights, enabling users to efficiently produce and share architectural diagrams and other visual assets.
This article reviews Nacos' evolution from its 1.x architecture—highlighting its five-layer design and service discovery issues—to the 2.0 version that introduces long‑connection RPC, a new client‑centric model, and improved performance, while also outlining upcoming roadmap plans.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of database system design, covering the historical evolution, classification of relational and NoSQL databases, common architectures, consistency models, indexing techniques, storage formats, compression, and practical considerations for selecting and optimizing database solutions.
This article chronicles the evolution of an online supermarket from a simple monolithic website to a fully split microservice architecture, discussing the motivations, challenges, design patterns, monitoring, fault tolerance, testing, service discovery, and the eventual adoption of service mesh.
This comprehensive guide explores MySQL’s origins, key characteristics, logical architecture, storage engines, transaction handling, concurrency control, and detailed indexing strategies, offering practical insights and best‑practice recommendations for developers and database administrators seeking to master MySQL performance and reliability.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Docker’s overall architecture and detailed analysis of its core components—including client, daemon, engine, registry, graph database, drivers, and libcontainer—explaining how they interact to manage containers, images, networking, and execution within a cloud‑native environment.
As the population dividend wanes, apps turn to entertainment‑focused interaction to capture user time, requiring lightweight, fast‑to‑develop, high‑quality front‑end solutions that blend graphics, rendering, animation, and software engineering, and this article systematically maps the necessary knowledge and architecture.
This article explores the concept of layered thinking in architecture design, covering decomposition and integration, cloud three‑tier models, SOA layering, application and technical architecture patterns, and how to combine these approaches for clear, maintainable system diagrams.
This article explains why front‑end performance is critical, outlines the most cost‑effective metrics such as FCP, TTS, and TSP, describes the SDK‑SLS‑Backend architecture, shares key technical decisions, and proposes future enhancements for a robust monitoring solution.
This article analyzes Tomcat’s architecture and core components, explains its design principles such as component modularization, connector and container interaction, lifecycle management, and demonstrates how these patterns can be applied to improve system design and development practices.
This article provides a comprehensive, diagram‑driven explanation of Kafka’s architecture, covering producers, consumers, topics, partitions, replication, Zookeeper coordination, controller election, state machines, and the NIO‑based network model, helping readers understand the design philosophy and practical configuration implications.
The article compares basic in‑memory queues, Redis lists and streams, Kafka’s partitioned log architecture, and Pulsar’s compute‑storage separation, explaining each system’s core mechanisms, strengths, and limitations so readers can choose the most suitable message‑queue solution for their workloads.
Baidu’s MEG platform team outlines the step‑by‑step cloud‑native migration of its massive search and recommendation services, focusing on resource utilization, development efficiency, service design standards, dynamic management, and future declarative architecture, while sharing concrete metrics, standards, and lessons learned.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservice architecture, covering its definition, history, differences from monolithic and SOA approaches, core characteristics, practical implementation steps, common design patterns, advantages and challenges, and a mindset shift toward DevOps and Docker.
This article explains what microservice architecture is, its history, how it differs from monolithic and SOA approaches, outlines its key characteristics, practical implementation steps, common design patterns, advantages and disadvantages, and the mindset shift required for successful adoption.
This article explains how iQIYI’s data middle platform addresses the rapid growth and challenges of big data by providing a unified, standardized, and service‑oriented architecture that includes data production, processing, governance, metadata, AI‑enhanced services, and a roadmap for future enhancements.
This article summarizes essential PHP interview knowledge, covering HTTP status codes, value vs. reference passing, major design patterns, XSS mitigation, the CGI/FastCGI/PHP‑FPM architecture, MVC, garbage collection, CLI lifecycle, memory allocation, array implementation, dependency injection, and core object‑oriented principles.
