This article explains the background of metrics in cloud‑native systems, shows how to expose custom Prometheus metrics using OpenTelemetry's MeterProvider, compares different exporters, and provides a complete Pulsar client example with code snippets and configuration for end‑to‑end observability.
This article explains how enterprises can use Alibaba Cloud's ACK One platform together with the Prometheus‑based Observability service to build a unified, cloud‑native monitoring solution for heterogeneous, multi‑region Kubernetes clusters, addressing scalability, cost, and operational challenges.
The article critiques Terraform’s architectural quirks, drift‑management challenges, licensing controversy, and community split, then argues that adopting Kubernetes operator‑based infrastructure management offers a more modular, collaborative, and cloud‑agnostic solution for modern DevOps teams.
This article details the evolution of ByteDance's TLS (Tinder Log Service) from a Loki‑based prototype to an EB‑scale, cloud‑native log system, covering its core properties, data organization, architecture, caching, hybrid storage, private codec, ecosystem compatibility, intelligent features, and real‑world case studies.
This guide introduces new Alibaba Cloud users to the fundamentals of cloud observability, explaining the metric‑trace‑log stack, the layered monitoring pyramid, and step‑by‑step how to set up out‑of‑the‑box resource monitoring, dashboards, alerts, and advanced integration options.
This article explains how Kubernetes routes traffic from a pod to a Service and back to another pod, details the role of kube‑proxy with iptables or ipvs, and discusses how long‑lived connections are managed and potential load‑balancing issues.
This article details how a large‑scale Elasticsearch deployment was transformed from physical servers to a Kubernetes‑based, containerized architecture, addressing cost, scalability, API compatibility, security, observability, and multi‑cloud migration using the 极限网关 API gateway.
This guide walks you through obtaining free ECS resources and a DashScope API‑key, initializing a SpringAI application with the AppStack template, deploying it via the built‑in pipeline, and verifying the AI chatbot runs successfully, while also showing optional template‑based batch upgrades.
This whitepaper examines the industry shift of moving data‑intensive analytics to cloud‑native platforms, analyzes how cloud storage cost models affect performance optimization, and presents Uber Presto case‑study findings that reveal fragmented access patterns and the financial impact of traditional I/O strategies in the cloud.
The article benchmarks Spring Boot and Quarkus for cloud‑native Java apps, showing Quarkus native images start up twice as fast, use less memory, and produce smaller artifacts than Spring Boot, while Spring Boot JVM offers slightly lower latency, and a migration guide demonstrates API compatibility and code reuse.
Celebrating ten years since its first GitHub commit, this article chronicles Kubernetes’s origins, key milestones, community growth, recent technical shifts such as the removal of in‑tree cloud providers, and future directions driven by AI workloads and evolving ecosystem initiatives.
Tencent Cloud TDMQ for Apache Pulsar achieves multi‑AZ high availability by containerizing ZooKeeper, BookKeeper and Brokers, using managed ZK, persistent cloud disks and elastic NICs, enforcing quorum and rack‑aware replicas, and planning cross‑region bidirectional replication to ensure seamless disaster recovery and continuous messaging.
Argo Workflows, a cloud‑native Kubernetes job orchestrator, offers superior autoscaling, concurrency, cost efficiency, and seamless integration with the Argo ecosystem compared to Jenkins, and the article provides a detailed tutorial on deploying a Go‑based CI pipeline on ACK One Serverless Argo with BuildKit, NAS caching, and parameterized workflow templates.
With Kubernetes clusters expanding across multiple environments, choosing the right cross‑cluster networking method is crucial; this article compares six approaches—underlay networks, overlay CNI meshes, Submariner, Skupper, KubeSlice, and others—detailing their core principles, advantages, and limitations to help you select the best fit.
This guide explains how Volcengine's VKE (Kubernetes Engine) and VCI (Elastic Container Instance) enable high‑availability, multi‑AZ deployments, covering cluster creation, control‑plane distribution, virtual node configuration, inventory‑aware scheduling, and practical YAML examples for resilient cloud‑native workloads.
This article explains what Zuul is, why it’s essential for microservice architectures as a unified API gateway, how it works through filter chains, and the key functions it provides such as dynamic routing, load balancing, security, and request aggregation.
This guide explains how to efficiently deploy AI model inference services on Knative by externalizing model data, using Fluid for accelerated loading, configuring secrets, ImageCache, graceful shutdown, probes, autoscaling parameters, mixed ECS/ECI resources, shared GPU scheduling, and observability features to achieve fast scaling, low cost, and high elasticity.
CNCF has added a Cloud Native Artificial Intelligence (CNAI) category to its landscape, highlighting the deep integration of AI and cloud‑native technologies and outlining its significance for standards, tooling, and industry collaboration.
This article details the product models, usage scenarios, and a series of performance and operational optimizations—including query plan health checks, space reclamation, resource isolation, cloud‑native deployment, cross‑region high availability, and unified monitoring—implemented for the TiDB service operated by 360 Zhihui Cloud since its launch in April 2023.
This article details Bilibili’s journey of containerizing Elasticsearch and ClickHouse on Kubernetes, covering the challenges of stateful services, architectural decisions, custom operators, storage and network solutions, deployment steps, observability enhancements, and the resulting cost, quality, and efficiency gains.
iQIYI’s Video Relay Service ensures uninterrupted video playback by employing a two‑region, three‑center hybrid cloud architecture, multi‑layer storage, cross‑AZ retry mechanisms, protective rate‑limiting and degradation paths, layered monitoring, and rigorous stress‑testing and chaos engineering to achieve high availability and disaster recovery.
This article explains how to reduce server load and improve performance of Go applications on Kubernetes by using lightweight base images, fine‑tuning resource limits, adjusting garbage‑collection settings, employing connection pools, configuring health probes, and leveraging autoscaling, load balancing, and caching techniques.
The article explains how AONE Serverless separates development and operations domains to enable independent iteration and lower costs, details a QA workflow—functional regression, performance testing, monitoring verification, reverse‑engineered interfaces, automated API traffic replay, and isolated pressure testing— and reports deployment build time cuts of 17% and overall deployment reductions up to 44%, while outlining challenges and future plans for layered automation and plugin‑based extensions.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes (K8S), explaining its core purpose, the four main problems it solves, the master‑node architecture with detailed components, and common use cases such as microservices, CI/CD, and hybrid‑cloud deployments.
Huolala’s Information Security team built a comprehensive security asset library and visualization framework, detailing asset pain points, mapping methodology, detection and drawing modules, and measurable outcomes, to enhance asset visibility, risk assessment, and continuous security operations in a cloud‑native environment.
The article explains how platform engineering, as an evolution of DevOps, aims to reduce developers' cognitive load by providing integrated, user‑friendly tools and workflows, discusses real‑world practices such as ByteDance's CI/CD pipeline, and outlines future trends toward process‑orientation, intelligence, and scalability.
This article explains how CloudLakehouse’s Multi‑Cluster elastic architecture enables high‑concurrency, low‑latency real‑time analytics on data lakes by addressing storage‑compute separation, dynamic caching, and automated scaling, providing a cost‑effective solution for customer‑facing data products.
This article introduces the concept of managed Kubernetes clusters, compares them with traditional setups, details the architecture and implementation process, discusses challenges such as cross‑cluster webhook routing, certificate issuance, container runtime integration, and outlines the diverse features of the dedicated cluster solution.
This guide walks through installing Docker on Debian hosts, creating a Swarm cluster, exposing required ports, visualizing the cluster with Portainer, deploying sample services, scaling them, and implementing load balancing with Nginx, all illustrated with command snippets and screenshots.
This tutorial demonstrates how to use Terraform to define and provision common Kubernetes resources such as namespaces, deployments, services, ConfigMaps, Secrets, and PersistentVolumeClaims, providing step‑by‑step commands, code examples, and verification procedures for a fully automated workflow.
This article explains how to design and implement a recommendation system by leveraging a four‑layer cloud‑native stack, covering virtualization, micro‑service migration, service governance, elasticity, cloud‑native business capabilities, and chaos‑engineering‑based stability practices to achieve cost‑effective, high‑performance, and reliable recommendation services.
This article explains the concept of graceful shutdown, outlines essential steps, examines Kubernetes pod termination and Spring Boot integration with Nacos, and provides practical optimizations—including PreStop hooks, terminationGracePeriod settings, and actuator shutdown—to ensure reliable service termination without data loss.
This article details the background, goals, and evolution of Tencent's FinTech AI development platform, outlines the technical challenges faced in feature engineering, model training, and inference services, and presents the comprehensive solutions and future plans implemented to improve efficiency, stability, and scalability.
The article explains how AutoMQ, a cloud‑native Kafka built on a shared‑storage architecture and Alibaba Cloud services such as OSS, ESSD, ESS and preemptible instances, achieves up to ten‑fold cost savings, high performance, elastic scaling, and robust disaster‑recovery capabilities.
In 2023, leading cloud giants like Google and Amazon publicly questioned the value of microservices, presenting new “Microservices 2.0” principles and monolithic alternatives that promise dramatically lower latency, cost, and operational complexity while reshaping backend architecture debates.
The article outlines the challenges of massive AI training data, defines storage performance requirements, and presents Polefs—a cloud‑native distributed cache file system with unified storage, metadata acceleration, and read/write caching designed to improve GPU utilization and reduce data redundancy.
This article explains the WorkingSet metric in Kubernetes, shows how to calculate it with cgroup v1 and v2 scripts, outlines common container memory issues such as the memory black‑hole, and presents troubleshooting steps using SysOM monitoring and Koordinator QoS to resolve high WorkingSet usage.
This article provides a detailed introduction to Kubernetes (K8S), explaining its four main problem areas, the master‑node architecture, key master and node components, networking modules, and the relationship between K8S and Docker, while also offering additional resource links.
This article details a comprehensive overhaul of a company's CI/CD workflow for Java, Python, Go, and Node.js microservices, introducing automated pipelines, parallel builds, rolling, canary, and blue‑green deployments on Kubernetes with Istio to improve release speed, stability, and observability.
This article compiles diverse Zhihu answers discussing whether Kubernetes is necessary, weighing its automation benefits and scaling power against configuration complexity, resource costs, and team readiness, while offering concrete kubectl commands and guidance for making an informed adoption decision.
This article explains how to use Cloudflare's open‑source Pingora Rust framework to implement a Kubernetes ingress gateway, covering objectives, architecture, code examples for an ingress watcher and router control, deployment steps, and custom configuration integration.
Learn step-by-step how to download the Kubernetes dashboard YAML, prepare offline images, modify the deployment to use a private registry, configure the API server address, create the service, verify its status, and access the dashboard via a browser, all without RBAC.
This article offers a detailed overview of Nacos, an open‑source service discovery and configuration platform, covering its core functions, architectural components, and modules while also providing promotional links to extensive Alibaba architecture and Java interview resources.
This article shares the architecture design, cluster deployment, storage selection, multi‑region mode, service discovery, performance tuning, monitoring, alerting, and future plans of a production‑grade Apache Pulsar platform running on Kubernetes, providing valuable insights for engineers adopting Pulsar.
This article shares 360's practical experience deploying Apache Pulsar on Kubernetes, covering architecture design, storage choices, multi‑cluster modes, service discovery, performance tuning, monitoring, alerting, and future plans, offering valuable guidance for engineers building cloud‑native messaging platforms.
This article explains the origins and concepts of IT architecture and governance, compares traditional and internet‑era enterprise structures, reviews major standards such as COBIT, ITIL and IT4IT, outlines practical governance methods, and showcases JD.com’s concrete implementation across infrastructure, applications, and organizational processes.
The 2024 DevOps landscape is reshaped by emerging trends such as microservices, Kubernetes, Infrastructure as Code, DevSecOps, and AI/ML, which together accelerate delivery, improve quality, enhance collaboration, reduce costs, and boost enterprise resilience and adaptability.
This article explains Kubernetes fundamentals, the four key problems it solves, its master‑node and worker‑node architecture—including Scheduler, Controller Manager, etcd and Kubelet—and clarifies how it complements Docker for container orchestration in cloud‑native environments.
FinOps combines finance and DevOps to create a culture of transparent, predictable cloud spending, guiding enterprises through preparation, strategy alignment, shared responsibility, cost insight, optimization tactics, and ongoing control, enabling them to balance agility with disciplined cost management in cloud-native environments.
This article explains Docker’s role as a container platform, covering basic concepts like images and Dockerfiles, the architecture of Docker Engine, and how Docker Compose, Swarm, and Kubernetes extend container orchestration across multiple services and hosts.
A Kubernetes pod repeatedly restarted with exit code 137 despite not hitting its memory limit, revealing that node‑level memory pressure and QoS‑based eviction caused the pod to be killed, and outlining how to diagnose and prevent such OOMKill events.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Docker images, covering their definition, architecture, layered storage, UnionFS mechanism, benefits such as isolation and portability, and how to pull images from Docker Hub, while also offering promotional resources for further learning.
This article explains key Kubernetes configurations—such as pod replicas, pod anti‑affinity, deployment strategies, graceful termination, probes, resource allocation, scaling, and disruption budgets—to achieve high availability and zero‑downtime deployments for containerized applications in production.
This article presents OPPO’s next‑generation big‑data and AI integrated architecture on functional cloud, detailing a cloud‑native elastic compute framework, a unified data‑lake solution, real‑time feature platforms, machine‑learning data acceleration, and hybrid‑cloud deployments, highlighting performance gains and cost reductions.
This article compares Prometheus and Zabbix, covering their histories, architectural differences, storage models, configuration complexity, community activity, and container support, to help you decide which monitoring solution best fits physical servers or cloud-native environments.
This article introduces Istio as a cloud-native service mesh, outlines its core features—traffic management, policy control, observability, and security—compares it with Spring Cloud, and explains its data-plane and control-plane architecture, including the sidecar deployment model.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Istio, explaining its role as an open‑source service mesh for cloud‑native microservices, detailing the data plane and control plane components, sidecar proxy functions, traffic management, security, and monitoring while also promoting related learning resources.
This article provides a detailed, English-language overview of Service Mesh, explaining its role in cloud‑native microservice architectures, the need for it, its core principles—including data and control planes—and key Istio components, while also offering promotional links to related resources.
This article explains what Kubernetes Operators are, how they work by defining custom resources and controllers, outlines their advantages and typical use cases such as database and messaging system management, and provides a step‑by‑step example of building a simple virtual‑machine Operator.
The article introduces ACK One Serverless Argo Workflows, a fully managed cloud‑native workflow service that adds chunked large‑file uploads, automatic artifact garbage collection, and OSS streaming download to overcome limitations of the open‑source Argo Workflows in high‑volume data scenarios.
The article explains how platform engineering—a cloud‑native discipline for building self‑service toolchains—enhances API development by improving developer experience, enabling better API integration, discovery, management, and CI/CD pipelines, ultimately providing a more customizable and efficient development environment.
IBM’s $6.4 billion acquisition of HashiCorp brings Terraform, Vault and other infrastructure‑as‑code tools under its umbrella, promising tighter hybrid‑cloud integration while sparking debate over open‑source licensing and the future of multi‑cloud strategies.
This article explains how to construct high‑performance RoCE v2 and InfiniBand networks within a cloud‑native Kubernetes environment, detailing the underlying technologies, required components, configuration steps, and performance test results that demonstrate significant communication speed improvements for large‑scale AI model training.
This article examines the origins and goals of software development standards, explains why they often break down when enforced through tools, presents concrete examples of such failures, and shares insights from Alibaba's Aone platform that guide the design of a more effective DevOps‑centric R&D workflow.
This guide shows how to deploy a lightweight Elasticsearch instance, a proxy, and Kibana with Docker‑Compose to connect Kibana to Alibaba Cloud Log Service’s Elasticsearch‑compatible API, configure index patterns, run queries, create visualizations, and troubleshoot common issues.
Bilibili’s downstream CDN was rebuilt from a tightly‑coupled scheduler model into a cloud‑native architecture featuring separate gateway, cache, back‑origin and control services that provide layer‑4 and layer‑7 load‑balancing, cluster‑wide health checks, centralized routing, and a refactored NGINX slice module, cutting latency by 40 % and dramatically reducing incidents.
This article details Huolala's journey from manual, resource‑intensive full‑link load testing to a fully automated, model‑driven platform that improves peak‑capacity verification, reduces testing time and manpower, ensures safety through circuit‑breaker mechanisms, and delivers measurable cost and performance gains.
MetaApp replaced ClickHouse with the open‑source cloud‑native warehouse ByConity, achieving more than 50% reduction in resource costs while delivering comparable or faster OLAP query performance across distinct, retention, conversion, and point‑lookup workloads, thanks to compute‑storage separation, read/write isolation, and minute‑level elastic scaling.
This article explains Docker’s core architecture—including images, containers, and registries—and details how Linux namespaces, cgroups, and UnionFS work together to provide resource isolation, limitation, and lightweight virtualization, while also offering promotional links to extensive architecture and interview collections.
2023 saw a wave of high‑profile tech leaders—Google’s engineers, Amazon Prime Video, and DHH—questioning the microservices paradigm, presenting data‑driven case studies that show dramatic latency and cost reductions when moving to monolithic or runtime‑managed architectures, and urging architects to reassess scalability versus complexity trade‑offs.
Kubernetes v1.30, released in 2024, introduces 45 major updates—including GA for pod scheduling readiness, interactive kubectl delete, CEL‑based admission control, container‑based HPA, new service trafficDistribution, indexed job success policies, volume manager reconstruction, hostIPs list, node log query, default node swap, and recursive read‑only mounts—providing a more conservative yet feature‑rich evolution of the platform.
This guide introduces K8sGPT, explains its prerequisites, shows how to install it via Homebrew, and provides step‑by‑step commands to authenticate, configure filters, analyze clusters, and retrieve detailed explanations, enabling engineers to quickly diagnose and optimize Kubernetes environments.
Microservices, also known as microservice architecture, is a cloud‑native approach that breaks a single application into loosely coupled, independently deployable services, each with its own tech stack, communicating via REST APIs, event streams, or message brokers, and organized around business capabilities and bounded contexts.
This article explains how the SLS Processing Language (SPL) enables interactive, pipeline‑based log analysis in cloud‑native environments, covering the challenges of unstructured log data, Unix‑inspired exploration, SPL syntax, key commands, and practical examples for efficient querying and transformation.
This article explains what Prometheus is, why TDMQ Pulsar needs Prometheus integration, outlines the two monitoring designs, and provides a detailed, step‑by‑step guide with configuration examples to expose Pulsar metrics for Prometheus collection.
This article compiles several Zhihu contributors' perspectives on adopting Kubernetes, weighing cost, operational benefits, potential pitfalls, and practical command‑line examples to help developers decide whether container orchestration truly fits their projects.
The ByteHouse performance whitepaper details the cloud‑native data warehouse’s architecture, rule‑based and cost‑based optimizer enhancements, exchange runtime, runtime filters, parallelism and wide‑table optimizations, and presents benchmark comparisons on TPC‑DS, TPC‑H and SSB datasets demonstrating orders‑of‑magnitude query speed improvements.
This article examines Kubernetes’ Kubelet component through an object‑oriented lens, detailing its role, key responsibilities, abstract properties and methods, and illustrating implementation steps such as resource checks and pod scheduling, to show how OO abstraction clarifies complex system behavior.
Deploying large language models demands massive compute, flexible scaling, and robust resource management, and this article explains how Kubernetes’s auto‑scaling, portability, cloud‑native features, observability tools, and multi‑tenant isolation make it the optimal platform for training, serving, and iterating LLM workloads.
In 2023, leading tech companies like Google and Amazon publicly criticized the microservices model, presenting new architectural approaches that combine logical monoliths with automated runtimes, dramatically cutting latency and cost while prompting many other firms to abandon microservices in favor of simpler, more efficient monolithic designs.
This guide explains how to configure Istio locality‑based load balancing and failover across Kubernetes zones and regions, providing hands‑on scripts, YAML examples, and validation steps to ensure resilient microservice traffic routing in cloud‑native environments.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes, covering its core container‑operation capabilities, component architecture, two‑site three‑center design, multi‑layer service discovery, pod shared resources, common CNI plugins, layered load balancing, isolation dimensions, network model principles, and IP address classifications.
In a candid ten‑year retrospective, Docker’s former engineering VP outlines three strategic successes—container adoption, developer focus, and community building—and three missteps—confusing users with customers, vague culture definition, and over‑reliance on containers—offering valuable lessons for cloud‑native innovators.
This guide explains how to monitor Kubernetes events, differentiate normal and warning events, and use tools like kube-eventer and kube-event-exporter to collect, alert on, and analyze cluster events through webhook, Kafka, Logstash, and Elasticsearch, enabling comprehensive observability and troubleshooting.
This article explains Docker's core concepts—including images, containers, Dockerfile, registries, and the client‑server architecture—while also covering Docker Compose, Docker Swarm, and how they relate to Kubernetes, providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of containerization and its role in modern cloud‑native development.
Senior big data engineer Zhu Yaogai from HuoLala shares the team’s three‑year journey, detailing background challenges, the construction of a multi‑layer big‑data infrastructure, solutions for cost efficiency, operational automation, heterogeneous computing, and future plans, illustrating how high cost‑effectiveness, operational efficiency, and analytical performance drive their evolution.
The article outlines the characteristics of an ideal R&D team, identifies three common delivery obstacles, and presents a cloud‑native BizDevOps framework with a unified conceptual model, application templates, and step‑by‑step implementation guidance.
This article explains why Kubernetes list results are alphabetically ordered, how the WatchCache and WatchList mechanisms affect ordering and performance, and examines the underlying Etcd behavior, code implementations, and ongoing community efforts to improve consistency and latency.
TiDB, an open‑source NewSQL distributed database, combines the strong consistency and ACID guarantees of traditional relational databases with the scalability of NoSQL, offering cloud‑native architecture, HTAP capabilities, high availability, and seamless MySQL compatibility, while highlighting NewSQL concepts, design trade‑offs, and migration scenarios.
This article details how a large ride‑hailing platform tackled container scaling delays and cost inefficiencies by adopting Alibaba Cloud ACK's Advanced Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, combining ECS and Elastic Container Instances, customizing scheduling policies, and injecting sidecars into virtual nodes to achieve proactive, cost‑effective elasticity.
This article explores the GitOps approach for cloud‑native environments, detailing its principles, benefits, and step‑by‑step implementation—including standardized content storage, declarative configuration, automated deployment/rollback, and change verification—to boost development efficiency and reliability.
This guide explains how to install Docker, pull the official MySQL image, run a MySQL container with persistent storage, connect to it, perform basic SQL operations, and finally stop and remove the container, demonstrating a complete end‑to‑end deployment using Docker.
This article explains the concept of graceful shutdown, walks through a Kubernetes pod termination flow, demonstrates a Spring Boot + Nacos example with PreStop hooks, identifies common pitfalls, and provides practical optimizations—including MQ handling, scheduled tasks, traffic control, and actuator shutdown—to achieve reliable, zero‑downtime service termination.
This article explains how Kubernetes serves as a middle layer between applications and servers, detailing its control plane and node components, the role of pods, containers, and the deployment process using YAML and kubectl, and how it simplifies scaling, restarting, and service access.
This article explains the concept of graceful shutdown, demonstrates it with Kubernetes‑SpringBoot‑Nacos case studies, analyzes common issues, and provides optimization strategies such as adjusting terminationGracePeriodSeconds, using PreStop hooks, handling MQ and scheduled tasks, and leveraging actuator shutdown for reliable service termination.
This article provides a thorough checklist covering application deployment, service governance, and cluster configuration in Kubernetes, including health probes, graceful shutdown, fault tolerance, resource limits, labeling, logging, scaling, RBAC, network policies, and compliance with CIS benchmarks.
This guide shows how to enable Horizontal Pod Autoscaling for traffic‑driven workloads by leveraging cAdvisor's container network receive and transmit byte counters, converting them to per‑second rates with Prometheus‑adapter, and validating the custom metric through Kubernetes commands and console views.
This article traces the history of container technology—from the 1979 chroot command and Linux namespaces to cgroups, LXC, Docker, Kubernetes, and modern cloud‑native services like Huawei CCE—explaining each milestone’s purpose, advantages, and impact on software deployment.
This article explains how Kubernetes serves as a cloud‑native middle layer that abstracts servers and application services, detailing its control‑plane and node components, the role of pods, containers, and the kubectl tool, and walks through a typical service deployment and request flow.
This article explains how HuoLala designed a cost‑effective multi‑zone high‑availability solution called the multi‑lane architecture, detailing its goals, deployment of services across availability zones, use of Consul for service discovery, Apollo for configuration, traffic scheduling strategies, and how it differs from traditional active‑active setups.
