This article outlines the essential architectural considerations for building a production‑ready batch processing module, covering design principles, task scheduling, parallelism, error handling, resource management, data‑layer concerns, deployment strategies, and monitoring practices.
This article details the end‑to‑end design of a coupon system for a rental listing platform, covering business flow, database schema, state management, caching strategies, distributed locking, and optimization techniques using design patterns, Redis, MySQL, and message queues.
The article explores the challenges and motivations behind large‑scale system refactoring, covering stability, coding standards, business rule changes, meeting structures, requirement juggling, technology selection, service division, migration, and implementation strategies, while emphasizing the need for strong team coordination and strategic trade‑offs.
This article provides a comprehensive technical overview of Kafka, covering its core message‑queue value, architecture components such as producers, consumers, topics, partitions and replication, high‑performance mechanisms like zero‑copy and OS cache, resource planning for disks, memory, CPU and network, operational tools and commands, consumer‑group management, rebalance strategies, and internal scheduling mechanisms such as the time‑wheel.
Event sourcing models state changes as immutable logs, and when combined with CQRS and Kafka Streams, it enables scalable, fault‑tolerant architectures where write and read paths are decoupled, supporting local or external state stores, interactive queries, and zero‑downtime upgrades.
This article explains the core concepts, design principles, and key differences among RESTful, SOAP, RPC, SOA, and microservices, illustrating how they relate to each other and why modern architectures increasingly adopt microservices for scalability and business agility.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of API gateway fundamentals, compares popular open‑source gateways, and details a custom Traefik‑based microservice gateway architecture with routing, authentication, protocol conversion, and high‑performance connection pooling.
The article by Tencent backend expert Lv Yuanfang explains how to design scalable mobile‑internet backend architectures and push services by defining clear protocol boundaries, aligning system components with team organization through a conversion‑layer service, and implementing comprehensive feedback loops—including health metrics, monitoring, and data‑driven analysis—to ensure high availability and low coupling.
The ZZ Business Check Platform (ZZBCP) is a backend system designed to detect and correct real‑time data anomalies across complex C2C, C2B, B2B, B2C, and C2B2C transaction flows by integrating message subscription, rule execution, alerting, automatic repair, and monitoring modules.
This article presents a comprehensive, seven‑dimensional design for a flash‑sale (秒杀) system, covering business characteristics, overall architecture, peak‑limiting, Nginx configuration, page optimization, Redis clustering, message‑queue throttling, database design, captcha mechanisms, and key precautions for achieving high throughput and reliability.
This article explores the comprehensive design of order business systems, covering background considerations, order lifecycle management, technical solutions such as ID generation, parallel and asynchronous processing, timeout handling, distributed transactions, and data strategies like sharding and synchronization.
This article explains the reasons for splitting monolithic applications, outlines preparation steps, and provides detailed practical guidance on database vertical and horizontal splitting, global ID generation, migration, cut‑over strategies, consistency, and post‑split stability measures.
This article explains Alibaba's Java development specifications for layered domain models, detailing the roles, naming conventions, and usage of objects such as DO, DTO, BO, VO, PO, DAO, and POJO to improve code organization and reduce coupling across application layers.
This article examines the open‑source Twitter recommendation algorithm released by Elon Musk, detailing its main services, machine‑learning models, data sources, programming languages, and the GitHub repositories that host the core components such as SimClusters, TwHIN, rankers, and the Rust‑based navi framework.
The article examines the pitfalls of turning a monolithic application into a ‘distributed monolith’ during microservice migration, highlighting how improper domain splitting, excessive synchronous remote calls, and lack of protective mechanisms can degrade stability and negate expected productivity gains.
This article explains how to design a high‑performance short‑URL service capable of handling 1 million queries per second, covering system background, URL shortening principles, base‑62 encoding, distributed ID generation options, storage sharding, ambiguity checking with Bloom filters, multi‑level caching, and redirect handling.
This article details the architecture, component‑based design, dynamic template generation, batch processing, activity management, and technical challenges such as custom component rendering, condition‑expression creation, and high‑concurrency coupon issuance for a scalable e‑commerce coupon platform.
This article explains how to build a highly reusable shared order service by clearly defining its boundaries, abstracting its internal data model and interfaces, and handling order status management with both main and sub‑status mechanisms, while avoiding tight coupling with other services.
The article describes the design and implementation of Taobao Dou Dizhu’s new single‑player endgame mode, which generates daily unique puzzles with a guaranteed single solution, manages activity triggers, Redis caching, AI interaction, fault tolerance, consistency, and reward idempotency, boosting user retention during promotions.
This article explains how event sourcing models state changes as immutable logs, discusses the trade‑offs of the pattern, and shows how Apache Kafka and Kafka Streams enable CQRS and interactive queries for building scalable, resilient backend applications.
The article details the design, evolution, and operational practices of Vivo’s large‑scale game recommendation platform, covering its initial rule‑based model, layered strategy framework, multi‑level caching, GC tuning, rate‑limiting, fine‑grained A/B testing, multi‑path recall, dynamic exposure control, and future intelligent extensions.
This article examines how modern modular monoliths, especially Spring Modulith, can provide scalable, low‑overhead alternatives to microservices by isolating modules, reducing remote calls, and simplifying deployment while addressing common concerns about complexity and performance.
This article explains what domain events are, how to define them with proper naming and attributes, explores multiple techniques for publishing events in Go—including parameter injection, static-like helpers, return‑based and repository‑based approaches—and describes strategies for consuming events safely and atomically.
The article examines how microservices interact, compares RPC and event‑driven approaches, analyzes different types of coupling, discusses event notification, event sourcing, API gateways, versioning, and offers practical guidance on reducing tight coupling and deciding the appropriate microservice architecture.
This article explains how application services act as a façade for domain models, outlines key design principles, shows practical Go/Java implementation patterns, discusses transaction propagation and security handling, and provides concrete best‑practice recommendations for building thin, framework‑agnostic backend services.
This article explains the role of an order system in traditional e‑commerce, outlines its main functional modules, describes the end‑to‑end order flow—including creation, payment, production, confirmation and completion—covers inventory reduction strategies, order splitting, reverse processes, state‑machine design, and discusses future evolution toward a unified order center.
This article details Meituan's three‑stage evolution of its self‑developed Code platform—from a single‑machine service to a multi‑machine read‑write‑separated system and finally to a distributed, sharded architecture—highlighting the scalability and high‑availability challenges faced and the engineering solutions implemented.
This article introduces the DuoliXiong local‑service platform, analyzes the challenges of its multi‑platform permission management, and details the design of a role‑based access control (RBAC) system—including model selection, database schema, tree‑structured permission representation, multi‑business‑line isolation, and data‑level (row/column) permissions—culminating in a scalable solution for complex B‑end and O‑end applications.
The article discusses various expert approaches to microservice decomposition, highlighting vertical and horizontal splits, business logic, stability, reliability, performance considerations, and team size implications, offering practical guidance for backend architects in design.
This article details GitHub’s 12‑step journey from a 12‑year‑old Ruby on Rails monolith to a modular microservices architecture, covering rapid growth, data partitioning, service extraction, operational shifts, and resilient design principles to empower developers while maintaining product value.
This article describes how a review middle‑platform for a video service standardizes communication protocols with RocketMQ, defines unified data processing flows, and implements an automated business‑access detector with Java code to reduce duplication and improve development efficiency.
To support Southeast Asian live-streaming, we designed a custom danmaku system capable of handling up to a million concurrent users per room, tackling bandwidth pressure, weak-network latency, and reliability by employing HTTP compression, response simplification, short-polling, local caching, and lock-free ring buffers.
A seemingly simple API change revealed deep flaws in parameter handling, prompting a review of technical, business, and flow‑control parameters and outlining essential API design principles to keep internal logic hidden and maintain clean, maintainable services.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservice architecture, outlining four major technology domains—management, storage, business support, and DevOps—and lists the most relevant tools and platforms for each, helping architects choose optimal solutions for their projects.
This article examines why game companies' servers often avoid microservice architectures, emphasizing the real‑time latency, stateful processing, and networking constraints that make traditional microservice approaches unsuitable for high‑performance game back‑ends and why alternative designs such as custom TCP solutions or stateful server clusters are preferred.
The Xianyu team introduced a lightweight, API‑driven state‑machine framework that replaces massive IF‑ELSE order‑fulfillment code with a three‑layer architecture—core topology, glue adapters, and business processors—enabling concise topology definitions, reusable validation/action logic, automatic logging, monitoring, and effortless extension across recycling, consignment, and inspection services.
The iDesk service platform is a comprehensive internal tool that evolved through three development phases, adopts a BS+Service architecture with modular local services, offers extensive software management and self‑service utilities, integrates tightly with TripPal and service accounts, and implements robust operational monitoring to achieve high availability and user satisfaction.
This article analyzes the functional decomposition, data structures, system architecture, push‑pull mode selection, and message flow of a one‑to‑one instant messaging service, providing practical design guidelines and example Redis/MySQL schemas for building a scalable chat backend.
This article explains how a fintech payment platform achieves high availability and optimal channel selection by using decision‑tree routing, sliding‑window negative‑feedback, pressure‑detection services, and component fallback strategies such as RabbitMQ with Redis, supporting millions of daily transactions.
The article explains various high‑availability solutions for stateful backend services, comparing cold backup, dual‑machine active/standby, same‑city active‑active, cross‑city active‑active, and cross‑city multi‑active approaches, and discusses their trade‑offs, implementation details, and real‑world examples from large internet companies.
This article explains Baidu's Duoli Bear permission system, detailing its business context, challenges of multi‑role and platform isolation, and the custom RBAC design that uses a tree‑structured menu, role‑based data rules, and business‑line isolation to manage access across diverse services.
This article presents a practical methodology for handling complex business scenarios by combining top‑down process decomposition with bottom‑up domain modeling, illustrating the approach with a retail product onboarding case, code examples, and guidance on capability sinking and model‑driven design.
This article shares engineering practices for constructing a tag‑profile system, covering core concepts, minimal architecture, technology selection, key modules such as estimation, selection, deployment, and validation, and offers design details and implementation tips for large‑scale marketing scenarios.
A technical discussion explains that game servers prioritize ultra‑low latency and stateful in‑memory communication, making micro‑service architectures impractical despite their benefits for modularity and scaling, especially in fast‑paced MOBA titles.
This article explains how a large‑scale membership system achieves high performance and high availability by using a dual‑center Elasticsearch cluster, traffic‑isolated three‑cluster architecture, Redis caching with dual‑center clusters, and a MySQL partitioned dual‑center setup, while also detailing optimization, migration, and fine‑grained flow‑control strategies.
This article explains practical ways to achieve extensibility at multiple layers—code, API, framework, and system platform—by using design patterns, JSON‑based APIs, SPI mechanisms, and extension‑point architectures to minimize impact on existing functionality.
This article presents a complete end‑to‑end design of a coupon system for a rental‑listing platform, covering business flow, database schema, activity management, coupon issuance, binding, user redemption, state‑machine implementation, caching strategies, stock deduction, redemption handling, and future scalability optimizations.
This article details the business flow, database schema, micro‑service architecture, caching strategies, state‑machine implementation, and concurrency handling for building a robust coupon system that enables merchants to bind coupons to rental listings and attract end‑users.
This article explains the role of domain services in Go‑based Domain‑Driven Design, outlines three situations where they are appropriate, shows how to implement them statelessly, recommends functional package organization, and demonstrates dependency inversion with interfaces and infrastructure implementations.
This article analyzes Baidu's Janus gateway—why it was built despite BFE, its architecture and deployment, three‑layer routing design, variable and condition expression languages, performance benchmarks versus raw Go code, and how its plugin system enables both generic and highly customized traffic‑dispatch solutions.
This article details the redesign of a service health‑check component, covering its original limitations, industry alternatives, the chosen centralized active checking approach, architectural modules, concurrency model, scaling mechanisms, gray‑release strategy, and performance optimizations for reliable distributed systems.
This article explains why monolithic applications should transition to microservices, defines microservice architecture, compares Dubbo and Spring Cloud frameworks, and provides detailed strategies for decomposition, CI/CD, container orchestration, automated operations, and governance to achieve a scalable, maintainable system.
This article outlines product analysis and positioning, microservice architecture principles, the evolution of real‑time message push technologies, strategies for ensuring request idempotency, and comprehensive service governance practices, providing practical guidelines for building robust backend systems.
NetEase’s advertising engine platform evolved from a monolithic, high‑concurrency system handling over a billion daily requests into a layered, distributed architecture that unifies indexing, billing, user‑tagging, and monitoring services, leverages Elasticsearch and custom extensions for fast retrieval, and plans further upgrades such as a custom retrieval kernel and Go‑based services.
This article examines the technical challenges of B‑end contract advertising systems, tracing the evolution of Baidu's ad‑placement platform from a monolithic architecture through multiple business stages to a domain‑driven microservices design, and discusses service governance, observability, anti‑corruption, and iterative development practices.
This article introduces a modular backend service architecture based on Domain-Driven Design, explaining project structure, module composition, hexagonal architecture, and practical code examples using Spring Cloud, illustrating how to achieve flexible, maintainable services through domain models, adapters, and proper boundary definitions.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of process engines, explaining their definition, common scenarios such as workflow and BPM, various design approaches for process designers, form designers, and interfaces, and detailed architectural guidance for building and deploying BPM solutions in backend systems.
This article uses Taobao's backend as a case study to illustrate how a high‑traffic e‑commerce system evolves through ten‑plus architectural stages—introducing distribution, high availability, load balancing, caching, database sharding, micro‑services, ESB, containerization, and cloud platforms—while highlighting the bottlenecks each stage resolves and the design principles that guide the evolution.
This article describes how Meituan built Logan, a high‑performance, end‑to‑end real‑time logging platform for mobile, web, mini‑programs and IoT, covering its background, architecture, data collection, processing, consumption, monitoring, deployment strategies, achieved results and future roadmap.
This article provides an in‑depth overview of API gateways, explaining their basic concepts, design principles, key features such as request routing, service registration, load balancing, resilience and security, and compares popular gateway solutions like OpenResty, Kong, Zuul and Spring Cloud Gateway for microservice architectures.
This article explains the role, architecture, core modules, workflow, inventory management strategies, and future evolution of order systems in traditional e‑commerce enterprises, illustrating design considerations, process steps, and state‑machine modeling for efficient order handling.
The article recaps DeWu Technology's inaugural Hangzhou tech salon, highlighting speaker insights on e‑commerce backend service stability, intelligent customer‑service evolution, anti‑spoofing facial‑recognition technology, and a six‑module fulfillment platform architecture, while showcasing the team's rapid growth and future goals.
This article presents the design, implementation challenges, and optimization strategies of an intelligent auto‑placement platform, covering background analysis, distributed task scheduling with XXL‑Job, sharding with ShardingSphere, caching via Caffeine, message‑queue integration using Kafka, and the resulting performance gains.
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of flash‑sale (秒杀) system requirements, performance estimations, non‑functional constraints, and detailed architectural designs—including dynamic‑static separation, traffic layering, high‑availability, and stock‑deduction strategies—along with the key technologies needed to support million‑level concurrent traffic.
This article explains the role of an order system in traditional e‑commerce enterprises, outlines its main functional modules and design ideas, describes the forward and reverse order processes, state‑machine management, and discusses future architectural evolution and best‑practice considerations.
This article explains Kafka's distributed publish‑subscribe architecture, detailing its core components, underlying mechanisms with Zookeeper coordination, key features such as high throughput and fault tolerance, and common application scenarios like log collection, user activity tracking, and stream processing.
The article proposes a three‑step, crowd‑based discount system that decomposes discount elements, pre‑computes fan group membership in Redis, and combines offline batch with real‑time event synchronization, achieving tens of thousands QPS, millisecond latency, and both eventual and strong data consistency.
This article provides an in‑depth overview of microservice architecture, covering concepts such as RPC frameworks, serialization, CAP/BASE theories, distributed transactions, monitoring, high availability, load balancing, service registration, Dubbo fault‑tolerance strategies, Spring Boot vs MVC differences, core Spring annotations, and auto‑configuration mechanisms.
This article analyzes the diverse business requirements for unique identifiers—such as order numbers, QR‑code payments, coupons, trace IDs, and short URLs—and compares technical implementations like Redis auto‑increment, Snowflake, and custom base‑62 encoding to help engineers select the most suitable distributed ID generation solution.
This article details the design of Trace2.0, a next‑generation distributed tracing platform built on OpenTelemetry, covering its end‑to‑end architecture, tail sampling with hot‑cold storage, Bloom‑filter implementation, and a self‑built ClickHouse storage layer that reduces storage costs by two‑thirds while improving query performance.
The article introduces a lightweight intelligent monitoring platform built on the open‑source WVP framework, detailing its components, SIP‑based video streaming architecture, edge‑computing integration, AI services, and performance optimizations such as MongoDB adoption.
This article explains why microservice architecture is preferred over monolithic applications, outlines a learning roadmap, and details essential concerns such as Docker, container orchestration, API gateways, load balancing, service discovery, event buses, logging, monitoring, distributed tracing, data persistence, caching, and cloud providers, with recommended tools for each.
This article explores the challenges of implementing Repository in Domain‑Driven Design, introduces the innovative “Repository Entity Transfer” concept, compares in‑memory and relational implementations, discusses concurrency, specifications, and architectural patterns, and provides practical code examples to help developers build cleaner, model‑centric back‑end systems.
This article explores various high‑availability strategies for stateful backend services, comparing cold backup, active/standby, same‑city active‑active, and multi‑site active‑active solutions, discussing their benefits, limitations, and practical implementation examples from large‑scale internet companies.
This article explains the evolution of instant messaging systems from traditional to modern architectures, detailing message synchronization and storage mechanisms, inbox/outbox models, read/write diffusion strategies, and the practical implementation using Redis, MongoDB, and MySQL to achieve scalable, reliable communication.
This article explains the challenges introduced by breaking a monolithic application into microservices, discusses CAP and BASE theories, Conway's law, and provides concrete strategies such as single‑responsibility splitting and team‑aligned architecture to help engineers design well‑structured distributed systems.
The Promotion Platform 2.0 upgrade replaces the fragmented 1.0 system with a unified promotion model, low‑code DSL‑driven workflow, and QLExpress rule engine, enabling rapid creation of diverse promotional tools, consistent pricing calculations, and high‑performance caching while preserving stability for the ACG e‑commerce ecosystem.
The article explains the different types of service coupling in microservice architectures, compares RPC and event‑driven approaches—including event notification and event sourcing—provides practical examples, discusses API gateways and strategies to reduce tight coupling, and concludes with guidance on internal microservice design and when to adopt microservices.
This article examines high‑availability strategies for stateful backend services, comparing cold backup, hot standby, same‑city active‑active, cross‑region active‑active, and multi‑active architectures, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and practical implementation considerations such as downtime, data loss, synchronization overhead, and conflict resolution.
This article explores the evolution of high‑availability strategies for stateful backend services, comparing cold backups, active/standby, same‑city and cross‑city active‑active setups, and discusses the trade‑offs, design considerations, and real‑world implementations of multi‑active and multi‑active architectures.
The document describes the background, problems, design goals, architecture, core mechanisms, and achieved results of a rebuilt event‑tracking SDK that separates collection, storage, and reporting into independent modules, uses single‑thread pools, and attains over 99% reporting success while improving portability across apps.
This article analyzes the challenges of real‑time inventory synchronization for omnichannel retail—such as sync latency, concurrent overselling, and shared stock calculation—and presents a comprehensive backend architecture featuring low‑latency syncing, dynamic throttling, safety‑stock algorithms, and a scalable calculation engine.
This article presents a comprehensive backend architecture guide covering microservice fundamentals, domain‑driven design, gateway patterns, service registration, configuration centers, observability pillars, service mesh options, and a detailed comparison of major message‑queue technologies.
This article explains eight common backend architecture design patterns—including single‑database single‑app, content distribution, query separation, microservices, multi‑level caching, sharding, elastic scaling, and multi‑datacenter deployment—detailing their structures, typical use cases, advantages, and disadvantages for large‑scale system design.
The article examines the Chengdu COVID‑19 testing system failure, analyzes its root causes such as oversized MySQL tables and insufficient load handling, and then presents a step‑by‑step high‑concurrency roadmap—including single‑machine, service‑database separation, caching, load balancing, read/write splitting, sharding, hardware and DNS load balancing—to help backend developers design scalable systems.
This article explains microservice architecture, outlines its key characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and presents ten essential design patterns—including database per service, event sourcing, CQRS, saga, BFF, API gateway, strangler, circuit breaker, externalized configuration, and consumer‑driven contract testing—along with their pros, cons, appropriate scenarios, and technology examples.
Trace2.0 is an OpenTelemetry‑based distributed tracing platform that collects billions of spans daily, routes data through a control plane, OTel Server, and Kafka to ClickHouse hot‑cold storage with tail sampling, achieving 66% cost reduction, 12× compression, sub‑second query latency, and plans to offload raw spans to object storage.
This article analyzes the extreme traffic spikes of China's 12306 train ticket platform, detailing its distributed high‑concurrency architecture, load‑balancing strategies, inventory‑deduction techniques, and Go/Redis code examples that enable stable, oversell‑free ticket purchasing during peak holidays.
This article explains the evolution from monolithic to microservice architectures, compares their advantages and disadvantages, and details essential components such as service gateways, service registration and discovery mechanisms, and distributed configuration centers, while also reviewing popular open‑source solutions.
Bilibili migrated its massive live‑streaming infrastructure from RTMP/FLV to MPEG‑TS‑free HLS using fragmented MP4, designing clustered slicing, dynamic back‑source selection, 1‑second key‑frame segments, cache pre‑warming and replay playlists, thereby cutting start‑up latency, supporting modern codecs, DRM and future immersive audio features.
This article outlines the design and implementation of a zero‑code, visual approval system that integrates with internal business services, detailing its architecture, core modules, rule engine, multi‑platform support, search capabilities, and security considerations for large‑scale enterprise use.
This article chronicles the evolution of a SaaS product from a simple monolithic SPA through microservice decomposition to containerized deployment, detailing API design, CI/CD pipelines, Spring Cloud and Kubernetes integration, automated tracing, monitoring, and lessons learned for small development teams.
This article introduces common microservice patterns, including decomposition strategies, Strangler, Bulkhead, Sidecar, API Gateway, Aggregator, Saga, observability, and deployment techniques, explaining their goals, benefits, challenges, and implementation considerations for building scalable, resilient backend systems.
This article explains why resource isolation is essential in distributed systems, outlines various isolation methods such as thread, process, cluster, and data read/write isolation, and demonstrates practical implementations using Netty, Dubbo, Tomcat, and Hystrix with code examples and configuration tips.
This article explains how to assemble a production‑grade service registry by analyzing requirements, defining registration/discovery interfaces, comparing push and health‑check mechanisms, selecting long‑connection technologies, and choosing data‑storage and high‑availability strategies, all illustrated with JSON examples and design guidelines.
This article surveys common delayed‑message solutions—including database, RocksDB, Redis, and open‑source MQs like RocketMQ, Pulsar, and QMQ—explaining their architectures, advantages, drawbacks, and practical considerations for building reliable distributed asynchronous messaging.
This article details the design of an AI interview robot for 58.com, covering its backend architecture, dialogue engine, resource‑management strategies, performance‑testing methodology, and the optimizations that boosted concurrent interview capacity by twenty times while improving user experience.
This article explains the differences between monolithic and microservice architectures, outlines their advantages and disadvantages, and then dives into essential components such as service gateways, service registration and discovery, and distributed configuration centers, providing practical guidance for building scalable backend systems.
This article compares monolithic and microservice architectures, outlines their respective strengths and weaknesses, explains gateway design, service registration/discovery mechanisms, and reviews open‑source solutions for API gateways, service registries, and configuration centers, providing a comprehensive guide for backend engineers.
This article examines the historical development, distributed architecture, and high‑concurrency challenges of China’s 12306 railway ticketing platform, tracing its origins from early Unix‑based systems to modern multi‑layered backend solutions that support hundreds of millions of users during peak travel periods.
