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29 articles

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May 16, 2026 · Industry Insights

Designing a 2026 Ultra‑Large Green AI Data Center: Full Infrastructure Blueprint

This article presents a comprehensive 2026 design plan for an ultra‑large green AI data center with 5,000 cabinets, 150 MW IT load, and 200 MW capacity, detailing market drivers, core metrics, six design principles, site and power architecture, liquid‑cooling, networking, security, and AI‑driven autonomous operations.

2026 designAI data centerDCIM

0 likes · 5 min read

Designing a 2026 Ultra‑Large Green AI Data Center: Full Infrastructure Blueprint

Baidu Intelligent Cloud Tech Hub

May 23, 2025 · Artificial Intelligence

How Baidu’s Kunlun Supernode Redefines AI Compute Density and Performance

This article explains how Baidu’s Kunlun supernode, built on high‑density liquid‑cooled cabinets and a modular 1U 4‑card design, breaks traditional 8‑card limits, boosts compute density four‑fold, improves power and cooling efficiency, and provides a scalable foundation for large‑model AI training and inference.

AI InfrastructureGPU clusterHigh‑performance computing

0 likes · 13 min read

How Baidu’s Kunlun Supernode Redefines AI Compute Density and Performance

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

Apr 25, 2025 · Fundamentals

Alibaba Network Proposal OSFP MSA Passes Unanimously, Introducing the First Liquid‑Cooled OSFP Cage Standard

Alibaba Cloud’s infrastructure network team’s split‑type OSFP Cage proposal was unanimously approved by the OSFP MSA committee, becoming the first standard supporting liquid‑cooled OSFP cold plates, offering low‑cost, easy‑assembly solutions that address the growing power‑consumption challenges of high‑density AI switches.

AI SwitchesHardware StandardOSFP

0 likes · 5 min read

Alibaba Network Proposal OSFP MSA Passes Unanimously, Introducing the First Liquid‑Cooled OSFP Cage Standard

Architects' Tech Alliance

Nov 26, 2024 · Industry Insights

What Makes HPE Cray’s New EX Supercomputers a Game‑Changer for AI and HPC?

The article provides an in‑depth analysis of HPE Cray’s upcoming EX supercomputing platforms, detailing unprecedented GPU density, liquid‑cooling architecture, the high‑speed Slingshot 400 interconnect, and complementary ProLiant Compute XD servers, while outlining release timelines and performance targets for AI and traditional HPC workloads.

AICrayHPC

0 likes · 11 min read

What Makes HPE Cray’s New EX Supercomputers a Game‑Changer for AI and HPC?

BirdNest Tech Talk

Nov 20, 2024 · Industry Insights

Inside xAI’s 100k‑GPU Colossus: Supermicro Liquid‑Cooled Racks Explained

The article provides a detailed, step‑by‑step tour of xAI’s Colossus supercomputer— a $‑billion AI cluster built in 122 days with 100,000 NVIDIA H100 GPUs—covering Supermicro liquid‑cooled 4U racks, cooling distribution units, power and water infrastructure, storage nodes, CPU servers, 400 GbE networking, and the operational challenges of scaling such a massive system.

AI supercomputingColossusData center architecture

0 likes · 16 min read

Inside xAI’s 100k‑GPU Colossus: Supermicro Liquid‑Cooled Racks Explained

Architects' Tech Alliance

Sep 1, 2024 · Fundamentals

Full Liquid‑Cooled Cold Plate Server Design and Performance Testing (2024)

This article presents a comprehensive reference design and performance evaluation of a 2U four‑node high‑density server employing full liquid‑cooled cold plates for CPUs, memory, storage, NICs, and power supplies, detailing system architecture, flow design, CFD validation, and future optimization directions.

CFD simulationData centerhigh density

0 likes · 11 min read

Full Liquid‑Cooled Cold Plate Server Design and Performance Testing (2024)

Architects' Tech Alliance

Aug 27, 2024 · Artificial Intelligence

Why Liquid‑Cooled Cold‑Plate Designs Are Critical for PCIe AI Accelerators

This whitepaper explains how liquid‑cooled cold‑plate technology addresses the high power density of PCIe‑based AI accelerator cards, outlines standardized design requirements, and provides detailed guidelines for thermal, mechanical, and reliability aspects to improve data‑center PUE and enable greener AI servers.

AI acceleratorPCIecold plate

0 likes · 11 min read

Why Liquid‑Cooled Cold‑Plate Designs Are Critical for PCIe AI Accelerators

Architects' Tech Alliance

Aug 21, 2024 · Fundamentals

Comprehensive Liquid‑Cooling Reference Design for Server Components (2024)

This white‑paper presents a 2024 reference design and performance evaluation of full‑liquid‑cooling solutions for CPUs, memory, SSDs, PCIe/OCP cards, power supplies and IO boards, detailing architecture, advantages, implementation methods and deployment scenarios for data‑center and telecom applications.

Data centerhardware engineeringliquid cooling

0 likes · 12 min read

Comprehensive Liquid‑Cooling Reference Design for Server Components (2024)

Architects' Tech Alliance

Aug 7, 2024 · Industry Insights

How Full Liquid‑Cooling Servers Achieve Near‑100% Heat Capture: Design, Flow, and Component Insights

This article details the architecture of a 2U four‑node liquid‑cooled server, explaining its component layout, serial flow design, heat‑capture calculations, and the engineering of CPU, memory, SSD, PCIe/OCP, IO, and PSU cold‑plate solutions that together remove about 95% of heat directly via liquid and the remaining 5% through a rear‑mounted air‑liquid heat exchanger.

Data centerhigh density computingliquid cooling

0 likes · 17 min read

How Full Liquid‑Cooling Servers Achieve Near‑100% Heat Capture: Design, Flow, and Component Insights

360 Smart Cloud

Feb 1, 2024 · Operations

AI Compute Era: Data Center Power, Cooling, and Space Requirements

The rapid growth of AI compute demand is forcing data centers to redesign cabinet power capacity, adopt advanced cooling solutions such as liquid cooling, and re‑evaluate space density and construction timelines to meet the high‑density, high‑power needs of modern AI workloads.

AI computecooling solutionsdata center operations

0 likes · 12 min read

AI Compute Era: Data Center Power, Cooling, and Space Requirements

Architects' Tech Alliance

Nov 8, 2023 · Product Management

Global Switch Market Size, Competitive Landscape, and Technology Trends (2023)

The article analyzes the 2022‑2027 global and Chinese network switch market sizes, outlines the competitive landscape dominated by Cisco and domestic players, and examines emerging technology trends such as lossless data‑center solutions, white‑box switches, silicon‑photonic optics, liquid‑cooling, TSN, and the coexistence of Ethernet and InfiniBand switches.

RDMAWhite-boxliquid cooling

0 likes · 10 min read

Global Switch Market Size, Competitive Landscape, and Technology Trends (2023)

Architects' Tech Alliance

Oct 28, 2023 · Operations

Global Server Shipment Outlook and Liquid‑Cooling Market Trends in 2023

The 2023 report analyzes a 5.7% Q2 decline in global server shipments, a modest 1.5% rebound expected in Q3, the shift toward high‑priced AI servers, TrendForce's revised forecast of 13.835 million units, and IDC's forecast of rapid growth in China's liquid‑cooling data‑center market.

AI serversIndustry analysisServer Market

0 likes · 9 min read

Global Server Shipment Outlook and Liquid‑Cooling Market Trends in 2023

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

Sep 19, 2023 · Cloud Computing

AI‑Era Cloud Infrastructure: High Compute Density, Linear Scalability and Intelligent Operations – Highlights from the 2023 Open Data Center Conference

The 2023 Open Data Center Conference in Beijing showcased Alibaba Cloud's AI‑era infrastructure innovations—including high‑density compute clusters, predictable high‑performance networking, intelligent power‑simulation systems, battery diagnostics, liquid‑cooling solutions, and modular server standards—demonstrating how cloud platforms are being rebuilt to meet the demands of large AI models and sustainable operation.

AIHigh‑Performance NetworkingIntelligent Operations

0 likes · 10 min read

AI‑Era Cloud Infrastructure: High Compute Density, Linear Scalability and Intelligent Operations – Highlights from the 2023 Open Data Center Conference

Architects' Tech Alliance

Aug 13, 2023 · Artificial Intelligence

Global Server Shipment Forecast and the Rise of AI and Liquid‑Cooled Servers in 2023

The 2023 server market faces a modest 1.5% Q3 rebound after a 5.7% Q2 decline, with AI‑focused and liquid‑cooled servers driving growth despite overall shipments falling to an estimated 13.8 million units worldwide.

AIliquid coolingmarket forecast

0 likes · 7 min read

Global Server Shipment Forecast and the Rise of AI and Liquid‑Cooled Servers in 2023

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

May 19, 2023 · Artificial Intelligence

Immersion Liquid Cooling Forum on AI Infrastructure: Key Insights and Industry Perspectives

The May 15 Beijing forum gathered experts from leading tech firms and research institutes to discuss immersion liquid cooling as a vital solution for AI infrastructure's growing compute and thermal challenges, presenting current trends, technical designs, material research, and future sustainable development directions.

AI InfrastructureData centerImmersion Cooling

0 likes · 7 min read

Immersion Liquid Cooling Forum on AI Infrastructure: Key Insights and Industry Perspectives

Bilibili Tech

Apr 25, 2023 · Operations

Liquid Cooling Solutions for Data Center Energy Efficiency: Bilibili's Practice

Bilibili’s next‑generation data center replaces traditional air‑cooling with a hybrid liquid‑cooling system—combining water‑cooled chillers, indirect evaporative cooling, magnetic‑levitation pumps and cold‑plate modules—to raise inlet temperatures, cut fan power, achieve PUE below 1.15, and demonstrate greener, cost‑effective operation while shaping industry standards.

Data centerInfrastructurePUE

0 likes · 12 min read

Liquid Cooling Solutions for Data Center Energy Efficiency: Bilibili's Practice

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

Feb 22, 2023 · Industry Insights

What’s Driving the Rise of Immersion Liquid‑Cooling in Smart Computing?

The 2023 Immersion Liquid‑Cooling Smart Computing Summit in Quzhou gathered leading firms like Alibaba Cloud, OPPO and ODCC to showcase nine new research results, discuss standards, share expert insights on architecture, signal integrity and power design, and outline the future of green, high‑performance data‑center infrastructure.

Alibaba CloudData centerImmersion Cooling

0 likes · 9 min read

What’s Driving the Rise of Immersion Liquid‑Cooling in Smart Computing?

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

Feb 1, 2023 · Industry Insights

How Alibaba Cloud’s Liquid‑Cooled Servers Are Redefining High‑Speed PCIe Design

Alibaba Cloud’s infrastructure team presented three award‑winning papers at DesignCon and ECTC, revealing how converged air‑and‑immersion cooling strategies, PCIe 6.0 signal‑integrity analysis, and long‑term reliability testing can dramatically lower costs, improve performance, and accelerate adoption of liquid‑cooled cloud servers.

DesignConECTCPCIe

0 likes · 10 min read

How Alibaba Cloud’s Liquid‑Cooled Servers Are Redefining High‑Speed PCIe Design

Open Source Linux

Jan 30, 2023 · Artificial Intelligence

How Liquid‑Cooled Servers Power the AI Future Inspired by “The Wandering Earth 2”

The article explores how the sci‑fi blockbuster “The Wandering Earth 2” highlights cutting‑edge liquid‑cooling server technology, linking it to the massive AI compute demands of the future, the push for greener data centers, and China’s Sugon innovations that could dramatically cut energy use.

AI computeSugondata center efficiency

0 likes · 6 min read

How Liquid‑Cooled Servers Power the AI Future Inspired by “The Wandering Earth 2”

Bilibili Tech

Sep 6, 2022 · Operations

Bilibili's Green Data Center Initiatives and the Custom R2‑AZ2 Project Overview

Bilibili’s SYS team is advancing green data‑center technology by aligning with national energy‑efficiency mandates, co‑authoring cold‑plate liquid‑cooling standards, and piloting the custom R2‑AZ2 Innovation Room Phase‑1, which combines indirect evaporative and magnetic‑levitation hybrid cooling to achieve PUEs as low as 1.13 while testing AI‑driven O&M tools for future large‑scale, low‑carbon deployment.

BilibiliInfrastructuredata center operations

0 likes · 9 min read

Bilibili's Green Data Center Initiatives and the Custom R2‑AZ2 Project Overview

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

May 17, 2022 · Fundamentals

Alibaba Cloud Announces New Immersion Liquid Cooling Technical Standards and Whitepapers at the First Immersion Liquid Cooling Intelligent Computing Industry Forum

On May 12, the inaugural Immersion Liquid Cooling Intelligent Computing Industry Forum held online featured nearly forty industry representatives and saw Alibaba Cloud unveil three new immersion liquid cooling technical standards and two whitepapers, highlighting material compatibility, cabinet and server structure guidelines, optical module reliability, and recent research achievements toward sustainable, high‑efficiency data center solutions.

Alibaba CloudData centerImmersion Cooling

0 likes · 6 min read

Alibaba Cloud Announces New Immersion Liquid Cooling Technical Standards and Whitepapers at the First Immersion Liquid Cooling Intelligent Computing Industry Forum

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

Aug 25, 2021 · Cloud Computing

Carbon Neutrality and Green Cloud Computing: Alibaba Cloud’s Role in Reducing Emissions

This article explains the origins of China's Low‑Carbon Day, defines carbon peak and carbon neutrality, and highlights how Alibaba Cloud’s green technologies—such as high‑efficiency cloud computing, liquid‑cooling data centers, and clean‑energy trading—contribute to reducing emissions and supporting the nation’s double‑carbon goals.

Data centerSustainabilityliquid cooling

0 likes · 6 min read

Carbon Neutrality and Green Cloud Computing: Alibaba Cloud’s Role in Reducing Emissions

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

Jul 23, 2021 · Cloud Computing

Alibaba Cloud's Zhangbei Data Center: Green Low‑Carbon Design and Liquid‑Cooling Innovations

Alibaba Cloud’s Zhangbei data center in Hebei leverages abundant wind energy, advanced air‑handling units, and pioneering liquid‑cooling technology to achieve a PUE below 1.2, cutting carbon emissions and exemplifying the green, low‑carbon infrastructure goals outlined in China’s new data‑center development plan.

Alibaba CloudData centerliquid cooling

0 likes · 6 min read

Alibaba Cloud's Zhangbei Data Center: Green Low‑Carbon Design and Liquid‑Cooling Innovations

Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure

May 21, 2021 · Cloud Computing

2021 Data Center High‑Quality Development Conference Highlights Liquid‑Cooling Innovations and Industry Standards

The 2021 Data Center High‑Quality Development Conference in Beijing showcased the release of industry indexes and low‑carbon white papers, awarded Alibaba Cloud for liquid‑cooled cloud computing innovations, and detailed China's rapid data‑center growth, emerging liquid‑cooling technologies, and collaborative standard‑setting efforts.

Alibaba CloudData centerHigh‑Performance Computing

0 likes · 5 min read

2021 Data Center High‑Quality Development Conference Highlights Liquid‑Cooling Innovations and Industry Standards

JD Cloud Developers

Dec 28, 2020 · Operations

How JD’s Modular Servers Redefine Data Center Efficiency and Flexibility

This article examines JD Intelligent Cloud’s self‑developed modular servers, highlighting their innovative front‑back I/O design, liquid‑cooling integration, custom Intel CPUs, and performance gains that address high PUE, deployment complexity, and scalability challenges in modern data centers.

Data centerPUEPerformance Optimization

0 likes · 12 min read

How JD’s Modular Servers Redefine Data Center Efficiency and Flexibility

Efficient Ops

Apr 24, 2020 · Cloud Computing

How Liquid Cooling Is Transforming Data Centers Amid the New Infrastructure Boom

Amid China's accelerated "new infrastructure" drive, high‑density computing is pushing data centers toward liquid cooling, a technology that not only boosts compute density and cuts floor space but also reshapes server and facility design, lowers failure rates, and promises broader industrial applications.

Data CentersNew Infrastructurecloud infrastructure

0 likes · 5 min read

How Liquid Cooling Is Transforming Data Centers Amid the New Infrastructure Boom

Architects' Tech Alliance

Nov 23, 2019 · Operations

Green Computing in Data Centers: Definitions, Research Scope, and Energy‑Saving Technologies

The article examines the rapid growth of information system energy consumption, defines green computing, outlines its research focus—especially on data centers, cloud computing and servers—and analyzes a range of energy‑saving technologies such as DVFS, heterogeneous computing, liquid cooling, rack‑level servers, advanced power supply, backplane cooling and fluorocarbon pump AC systems.

DVFSenergy efficiencygreen computing

0 likes · 13 min read

Green Computing in Data Centers: Definitions, Research Scope, and Energy‑Saving Technologies

Alibaba Cloud Developer

Apr 7, 2017 · Operations

How Alibaba’s Immersion Liquid‑Cooled Servers Achieve Near‑Perfect PUE

Alibaba unveiled its industry‑first immersion liquid‑cooled server clusters, achieving a Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) close to 1.0, detailing the technology’s design, green‑computing benefits, and the challenges of scaling this revolutionary cooling method for data centers.

Alibaba CloudImmersion CoolingPUE

0 likes · 6 min read

How Alibaba’s Immersion Liquid‑Cooled Servers Achieve Near‑Perfect PUE

Alibaba Cloud Developer

Apr 7, 2017 · Operations

How Alibaba’s Immersion Liquid‑Cooled Server Clusters Achieve Near‑Ideal PUE of 1.0

Alibaba confirmed that its "Kirin" project is an industry‑first immersion liquid‑cooling server cluster that cools servers with liquid instead of air, achieving a Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) close to the theoretical limit of 1.0 and promising significant energy savings for data centers.

Alibaba CloudImmersion CoolingPUE

0 likes · 5 min read

How Alibaba’s Immersion Liquid‑Cooled Server Clusters Achieve Near‑Ideal PUE of 1.0