This article introduces Spring Cloud Gateway, explains its core concepts such as routes, predicates, and filters, demonstrates how to quickly set up a gateway with both Java‑based and configuration‑based routing, and shows how to create custom global and route‑specific filters for advanced request handling.
This article examines the challenges of microservice communication, explains why REST APIs are unsuitable, and compares two messaging broker solutions—Kafka and Mosquitto—highlighting their architectures, persistence, scalability, and suitability for high‑traffic, reliable event‑driven systems.
The article introduces the SOFARPC Java RPC framework, outlines its new 5.6.x release features, enhancements, compatibility notes, bug fixes, and details its core capabilities such as extensible filters, routing, load balancing, protocol support, and microservice governance.
The article argues that, unless required for legacy projects, learning JSP is unnecessary today because modern frontend frameworks, Spring's shift away from JSP, and microservice architectures all render JSP obsolete for contemporary Java web development.
This article details a real‑world migration from PHP to Golang for a high‑traffic mini‑program backend, explaining the performance bottlenecks of PHP, the advantages of Go such as goroutine concurrency and low‑memory footprint, the step‑by‑step implementation, caching strategy, monitoring, tooling, and the measurable latency and stability improvements achieved.
This article explores the true meaning of software architecture, emphasizing non‑functional requirements, the practical benefits and hidden costs of microservices, the strengths and limitations of Spring Cloud, and the challenges of adopting service‑mesh solutions like Istio in cloud‑native environments.
This article describes how Dada Group tackled rapid micro‑service growth by designing a language‑agnostic, lightweight service governance and traffic routing engine that uses Consul metadata, configurable routing rules, and link‑based isolation to enable online pressure testing, parallel development, hot‑cold service separation, gray releases, and dynamic rate limiting.
This article presents sixteen practical Spring Boot best‑practice recommendations—from using custom BOMs and auto‑configuration to structuring code, handling concurrency, externalizing configuration, and testing—aimed at building clean, maintainable, and production‑ready Java microservices.
The article walks through Taobao's backend architecture evolution—from a single‑machine setup to distributed caching, load balancing, database sharding, microservices, containerization, and finally cloud deployment—explaining each stage's technologies, challenges, and design principles for building scalable, highly available systems.
This guide walks through building a unified microservice authentication and authorization solution using Spring Boot 2.2+, Spring Cloud Hoxton, Nacos, Spring Cloud Gateway, and JWT, detailing the architecture, service division, and step‑by‑step implementation of auth, gateway, and API services with code examples.
This guide explains monolithic and microservice architectures, compares their advantages and drawbacks, outlines suitable scenarios, and reviews popular Java backend frameworks and versioning strategies to help developers choose the right approach for scalable applications.
This article explains why each microservice should own its own database, outlines four data‑sharing approaches, describes how to perform backward‑compatible schema changes, and introduces the Saga pattern for cross‑service transactions, providing practical guidance for building robust microservice architectures.
This article explains the fundamentals of OAuth2, its four grant types and roles, and provides step‑by‑step Spring Boot and Spring Cloud configurations—including authorization and resource server setup, custom token filters, and Zuul gateway integration—to secure microservice APIs.
The voting service for 'You Are My Youth 2' was re‑architected using Docker‑based QAE and the Skywalker microservices platform, adding containerized one‑click scaling, cross‑data‑center MySQL/Couchbase/HBase high availability, and Hive/Impala real‑time processing, which doubled performance, cut preparation from 30 days to 12 hours, and incorporated third‑party audit verification.
This article describes Agricultural Bank's "1+1" development model that combines a comprehensive microservice development platform with an end‑to‑end DevOps workflow, enabling rapid, automated delivery of cloud‑native financial applications and achieving industry‑leading continuous delivery maturity.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservices, covering their definition, independent communication methods, differences between Spring Cloud and Dubbo, the relationship between Spring Boot and Spring Cloud, fault‑tolerance mechanisms like circuit breaking and degradation, advantages and disadvantages, and a comparison of Eureka and Zookeeper for service registration and discovery.
This article curates a selection of notable open‑source Java backend projects—mostly built with SpringBoot, Spring Cloud, and Vue—providing repository links, concise introductions, and technology stacks to help developers quickly explore and adopt robust solutions for enterprise applications.
Microservices, introduced in 2012 and popularized by Martin Fowler, decompose applications into small, independent services that communicate via lightweight protocols, enabling modular development, flexible technology choices, independent deployment, and improved scalability, while also introducing challenges such as distributed data consistency, testing complexity, and operational overhead.
This article presents a comprehensive architectural analysis of Bilibili’s “Dayu” business gateway, detailing its motivations, design principles, async processing model, configurable pipelines, dynamic Ognl expressions, caching strategies, performance results, and practical lessons for backend developers.
This article explains the concept of microservices, contrasts it with monolithic architecture, outlines the drawbacks of monoliths, describes the advantages of microservice architectures, and briefly compares microservices with SOA, while also promoting a Java interview question resource.
This article explores the evolving concept of cloud native, comparing definitions from Pivotal and CNCF, outlining essential technologies such as containers, Kubernetes, and service mesh, and offering practical guidance on architecture design, DevOps adoption, and maturity modeling for modern enterprises.
This article introduces Spring Cloud as a microservice framework, explains the fundamentals of service architecture, compares SOA and microservices, and walks through essential components such as service registration, discovery, load‑balanced calls, circuit breakers, gateways, configuration management, message bus, and tracing with practical code examples.
This article details the end‑to‑end design, iterative evolution, and technical architecture of an intelligent lending API platform, covering workflow abstraction, service decomposition, security mechanisms, monitoring, and performance optimizations that enable scalable, reliable integration with multiple financial institutions.
This article explains how to use RocketMQ for traffic‑shaping in a Spring Boot application, covering its core components, consumer pull configuration, integration via rocketmq‑spring‑boot‑starter, a practical like‑praise use case, a Maven setup, YAML configuration, and advanced topics such as dynamic scaling and batch consumption.
This article provides a comprehensive, beginner‑friendly overview of Spring Cloud’s core components—including Eureka, Ribbon, OpenFeign, Hystrix, Zuul, Config, and Bus—explaining their concepts, real‑world analogies, and essential configuration snippets with code examples.
This article provides a detailed overview of Spring Cloud's core modules—including service discovery with Eureka, client‑side load balancing via Ribbon, declarative REST calls with OpenFeign, circuit breaking with Hystrix, API gateway features of Zuul, centralized configuration with Config, and message broadcasting with Bus—complete with explanations, diagrams, and code examples for building resilient microservice architectures.
Facing fragmented credit product development, Agricultural Bank built a micro‑service‑based credit middle platform and implemented a comprehensive DevOps pipeline—featuring lightweight branching, visualized continuous deployment, end‑to‑end traceability, three‑layer quality gates, and metric‑driven automation—that dramatically improved delivery speed, quality, and operational efficiency.
This article provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the backend development technology stack, covering load balancing, microservice ecosystems, RPC frameworks, service discovery, relational and NoSQL databases, caching strategies, message queues, object storage, and search engines, while highlighting practical configurations and real‑world trade‑offs.
This article introduces Soul 2.2.0’s fully plugin‑based architecture, walks through downloading and running soul‑admin, shows how to build a Spring Boot gateway with required dependencies and configuration, demonstrates hot‑swap plugins for Dubbo, circuit‑breaker and rate limiting, and highlights its key features and typical use cases.
This article describes how Bilibili's Membership Purchase team built a Java‑based traffic replay platform using JVM‑Sandbox AOP, Kafka, and MySQL to capture real‑world request/response data, serialize it with JSON, and replay it for comprehensive regression testing of complex backend services.
Douyu's Go team explains how the Jupiter framework was born from internal needs, its evolution through multi‑data‑center and cloud‑native transitions, its differences from other Go microservice solutions, and the company's open‑source strategy and future plans.
This article explores the evolving concept of cloud native, comparing definitions from Pivotal and CNCF, detailing essential technologies such as containers, Kubernetes, Service Mesh, and IaC, and offers practical guidance on building, delivering, and adopting cloud‑native applications.
This article explains the benefits of a monorepo for multi‑service web applications and demonstrates how to build, test, and deploy the services using Docker, docker‑compose, and GitLab CI/CD pipelines with selective job execution based on code changes.
The article examines modern application architecture trends, emphasizing service‑oriented and microservice approaches, the need to move beyond three‑tier designs, and adopting patterns, models, and structures that accommodate cloud, mobile, social, and big‑data influences.
This article presents a comprehensive case study on how the 58 rental platform refactored its services and optimized performance by splitting common modules, adopting async interfaces, leveraging nginx + swoole, implementing data caching and pre‑loading, resulting in significant reductions in page rendering time and service latency across major app pages.
This article explains the evolution of software project architectures—from single‑server monoliths to MVC, RPC, SOA, and micro‑services—while providing clear definitions of key terms such as clusters, load balancing, caching, and flow control for readers unfamiliar with high‑concurrency and distributed systems.
This article introduces software architecture patterns as reusable solutions to common design problems and catalogs various architecture styles—including layered, microservices, event‑driven, and distributed systems—providing a concise reference for architects and developers.
This article describes Ctrip's SRE team's journey in adopting chaos engineering, outlining the motivations, roadmap, concrete experiments, platform maturity, and future automation goals to improve system resilience and operational reliability in a large‑scale microservice environment.
This article explains why graceful shutdown is essential for Spring Boot and Spring Cloud applications, outlines key precautions, shows how Spring Boot 2.3 adds built‑in support, and provides configuration steps, code examples, and container‑specific behaviors to ensure clean service termination.
This article presents a step‑by‑step, enterprise‑wide roadmap for constructing a cloud‑native system, covering the five dimensions of architecture, a detailed evolution diagram, three maturity stages, common pitfalls, and practical solutions ranging from service‑oriented redesign to micro‑service governance and data‑driven personalization.
This tutorial walks through a complete Golang implementation of a food‑recommendation API using Domain‑Driven Design (DDD), covering the four DDD layers, entity and repository definitions, persistence setup with Gorm, application services, HTTP interfaces, middleware, and how to run the service.
This article walks through a practical, step‑by‑step transformation from a monolithic application to a cloud‑native, micro‑service architecture, covering planning, domain‑driven design, continuous integration, service registration, API gateways, databases, caching, logging, configuration management, containerization, performance monitoring, service governance, GitOps, traffic shading, service mesh, stress testing, and multi‑datacenter deployment.
This tutorial walks through building a Spring Boot application that uses Alibaba's Dubbo framework, covering the RPC workflow, project structure, Maven dependencies, Spring Boot and XML configurations, service interface definition, provider and consumer implementations, and a RESTful endpoint for testing.
This article explains the fundamentals of distributed transactions, compares five major solutions—including XA two‑phase commit, TCC, Saga, message‑based approaches, and maximum‑effort notification—covers their architectures, advantages, drawbacks, and provides guidance on selecting the right model for micro‑service systems.
This article walks through a complete Go implementation of a food recommendation API using Domain-Driven Design, covering project setup, layer separation, entity and repository definitions, infrastructure configuration, application services, HTTP interfaces, authentication, and how to run the application.
This article demonstrates how to consolidate exception handling in a Spring Cloud microservice using @RestControllerAdvice, @Slf4j, and @ExceptionHandler, defines a unified error code enum, and provides test scenarios with sample code and API requests.
The article examines the ongoing relevance of Spring Cloud and Dubbo, explaining how they have become complementary rather than competing frameworks, and argues that both are likely to coexist long‑term thanks to integration efforts and strong community support.
Apache Dubbo 2.7.7, the high‑performance lightweight Java RPC framework, introduces major features such as Nacos authentication integration, LFU cache support, network interface selection, memory‑optimized Hessian2 instances, new load‑balancing strategies, plus numerous enhancements and bug fixes to improve reliability and performance.
This article examines service discovery patterns, comparing client‑side and server‑side approaches, explores consistency trade‑offs, health‑check mechanisms, subscription models, graceful up/down procedures, and high‑availability designs to help engineers choose the right solution for microservice architectures.
This article explains the background, challenges, and architectural design of Tencent Cloud Task (TCT), a distributed scheduling platform that offers precise real‑time task execution, modular microservice architecture, stateless scaling, rich trigger rules, comprehensive monitoring, and advanced workflow orchestration for large‑scale cloud environments.
This article analyzes a real e‑commerce incident to explain how RPC timeouts work in microservice architectures, why proper timeout and retry configurations are essential, and provides step‑by‑step guidelines for setting sensible timeout values while avoiding common pitfalls such as duplicate requests and retry storms.
Meituan’s Naming Service 2.0 replaces the ZooKeeper‑based 1.0 design with a four‑layer, AP‑oriented architecture that leverages a service‑mesh sidecar, sharded KV storage, and a control service layer, delivering eight‑fold throughput gains, sub‑second latency, zero‑downtime migration for most services, and new business capabilities such as traffic isolation, elastic scaling, and data‑driven SLA monitoring.
The 2020 cloud‑native research report analyzes how 613 enterprises across finance, manufacturing, energy, telecom and other sectors adopted containers, Kubernetes, micro‑services and DevOps during the pandemic, revealing adoption rates, budget impacts, challenges and strategic priorities for digital transformation.
Explore the fundamentals of Envoy, the lightweight L7 proxy for modern SOA architectures, through a detailed walkthrough of its architecture, configuration structure, filter chain, and key components such as xDS, listeners, clusters, and runtime settings, illustrated with diagrams and practical examples.
This article details Toutiao’s rapid growth and its large‑scale data pipeline, covering article crawling, user modeling, recommendation engines, storage solutions, push notifications, micro‑service architecture, and the underlying virtualization PaaS platform that powers its personalized news service.
The article explains how traditional Java web projects that bundle JSP, static assets, and business logic into a single WAR cause performance and scalability issues, and advocates separating front‑end static resources from back‑end services to achieve true decoupling, better fault tolerance, and easier horizontal scaling.
This article presents PICC Insurance's digital strategy that leverages a DevOps model to support micro‑service architecture migration, detailing the company's unique DevOps standardization, end‑to‑end processes, quality safeguards, deployment solutions, and efficiency analysis as shared at the GNSEC 2020 summit.
This article examines the CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) pattern, outlining its objectives, three major complexity traps—over‑isolated commands, event sourcing coupling, and excessive tooling—and offers practical mitigation strategies, including relaxed isolation, alternative projection techniques, and careful service decomposition.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes, explaining its core concepts, advantages, key features, typical use cases, and the new capabilities introduced in version 1.18, while also linking to related tutorials and practical deployment guides for building scalable, resilient cloud‑native applications.
This article explains the concept of cloud native, tracing its origins from the CNCF foundation and early container technologies, and details key components such as containers, Docker, Kubernetes, microservices, service mesh, immutable infrastructure, and declarative APIs, highlighting how they together enable rapid iteration, automated deployment, and scalable, resilient applications.
This article explains what a service mesh is, outlines the operational challenges of microservice architectures, and details how Istio’s data‑plane and control‑plane components provide traffic control, security, and observability to simplify cloud‑native deployments.
This article traces the history of backend architecture from monolithic systems through distributed designs, Docker containers, microservices, Spring Cloud, and Kubernetes, culminating in a detailed overview of cloud‑native Service Mesh technologies such as Istio and their key capabilities.
This article explains the business scenarios that demand massive, precise, and reliable scheduled tasks, reviews the shortcomings of existing open‑source schedulers, and details the design, architecture, and key features of Tencent Cloud’s distributed task scheduling system TCT, highlighting its modular, stateless, and fully featured approach.
This tutorial walks through building a Spring Cloud micro‑service platform by preparing the development environment, adding backend menus, auto‑generating Vue pages, configuring Spring Cloud Gateway routing, registering services with Nacos, and solving CORS issues to enable seamless frontend‑backend interaction.
This article explains the fundamentals of microservice architecture, contrasts it with traditional three‑layer monolithic designs, outlines its characteristics, benefits, drawbacks, and implementation challenges, and compares it to SOA, providing a comprehensive overview for developers and architects.
This article introduces the limitations of traditional local and distributed transactions for microservices, explains the BASE theory, and details four major patterns—reliable event notification, max‑effort notification, business compensation, and TCC—to achieve eventual consistency in microservice architectures.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to Spring Cloud Gateway, covering its role as an API gateway, core features, underlying principles, step‑by‑step module creation, Maven dependency configuration, application annotations, YAML routing examples, and a runnable demo for building cloud‑native microservice architectures.
This tutorial demonstrates how to replace static Spring Boot property files with Spring Cloud Alibaba Nacos for real‑time, centralized configuration management across multiple microservices, covering dependency integration, bootstrap setup, namespace and group usage, multi‑config sets, and dynamic refresh with code examples.
This article recounts the four‑year journey of Ele.me's order platform, detailing the transition from a monolithic Zeus system to service‑oriented components, the challenges of sharding, message broadcasting, performance testing, Redis optimization, and the cultural practices that shaped a resilient backend architecture.
This article explains how to abstract business functions into middle‑platform models, outlines eight essential design principles for services, and describes key distributed mechanisms such as service registration, elastic scaling, rate limiting, gray‑release, message queues, and transaction handling to build robust, scalable backend systems.
This article demonstrates how to integrate Spring Cloud OpenFeign into a Java microservice project, covering dependency setup, Feign client definition, annotation usage, enabling remote calls, parameter passing, and testing with Postman, providing a complete step‑by‑step guide for distributed service communication.
This guide walks through setting up Nacos as a service discovery platform for a Spring Cloud microservice architecture, covering dependency inclusion, server installation, configuration of each service’s address, enabling discovery annotations, naming services, and accessing the Nacos dashboard, with full code snippets and troubleshooting tips.
This article introduces Spring Cloud Alibaba as a one‑stop microservice solution, compares it with traditional Spring Cloud, outlines its advantages, presents a detailed component selection for the PassJava project, and provides version compatibility, Maven dependency snippets, and final technology choices.
This tutorial walks through setting up the development environment, configuring generator files, generating channel microservice code, updating Maven dependencies and application settings, testing service endpoints, and publishing the complete PassJava Spring Cloud project with code snippets and deployment instructions.
This article uses Taobao as a case study to illustrate the step‑by‑step evolution of server‑side architecture from a single‑machine setup to a cloud‑native, highly available system capable of handling tens of millions of concurrent requests, highlighting the technologies and design principles involved at each stage.
This tutorial walks through downloading the Renren‑Fast open‑source admin framework, integrating it into the PassJava project, configuring MySQL and Docker, adjusting application settings, launching the backend service, building the Vue front‑end, and performing end‑to‑end login verification, providing a complete step‑by‑step guide for developers.
This article outlines the critical backend components required for building robust Java services, covering API gateways, MVC/IOC/ORM frameworks, caching, databases, search engines, message queues, file storage, unified authentication, configuration, service governance, scheduling, logging, data pipelines, and monitoring strategies.
This article explains what microservices are, outlines their advantages and design considerations, and provides a practical Node.js/Express example that demonstrates a simple ticket‑query microservice along with deployment tips and best‑practice guidance.
This article explains how Dubbo's tag router feature can isolate parallel test environments by assigning tags to providers and consumers, outlines configuration methods, compares it with version/group routing, discusses known attachment bugs, and presents a practical SPI‑filter solution for reliable tag propagation.
This tutorial walks through creating the five microservice databases for the PassJava platform using PowerDesigner, detailing each service’s schema, showing screenshots, and providing the GitHub repository where the SQL files can be accessed.
This tutorial walks through creating a lightweight RPC system, illustrating how an order service can call a product service via dynamic proxies, socket communication, serialization, and service registration, while showing Maven module setup, API design, and concrete code examples for each component.
Even with thorough testing environments, bugs often surface in production due to missing continuous monitoring, rushed last‑minute releases, inadequate compatibility checks, data inconsistencies, outdated QA practices, lack of shared goals, and microservice deployment challenges, highlighting the need for robust, production‑mirroring QA processes.
This tutorial walks through creating an empty GitHub repository, importing it, adding a content service and additional microservices, configuring the Maven parent pom, setting up a root Maven configuration and .gitignore, and finally committing the code for the PassJava Java microservice suite.
This article introduces Spring Cloud, explains its key components such as service discovery, configuration management, messaging, security, and tracing, shows how they integrate to form a complete micro‑service architecture, and compares Spring Cloud with Dubbo, highlighting their different scopes and communication models.
This article introduces Spring Cloud as a Spring Boot‑based microservice framework, explains the fundamentals of service architecture through a company‑division analogy, details the essential components such as service registry, load‑balanced calls, circuit breakers, gateways, configuration centers, message bus and tracing, and provides concrete code examples for a Eureka server, a simple service, and a client using Ribbon and Feign.
Sentinel 1.7.2 introduces a Logger SPI extension, Zuul 2.x gateway flow‑control, SOFARPC adaptation, and numerous other enhancements, expanding its microservice, API gateway, and service‑mesh support across Java, C++, and Go ecosystems.
This article examines whether microservice architecture suits large organizations by outlining its cultural, technical, and operational impacts, the reasons to decompose monolithic systems, key considerations for architects, and practical guidance on avoiding deployment coupling while managing complexity.
This article compiles sixteen practical Spring Boot best‑practice recommendations—ranging from custom BOM management and auto‑configuration to test slicing and externalized configuration—drawn from years of professional experience and expert insights, to help developers build cleaner, more maintainable micro‑service applications.
The article examines how Google, eBay, Twitter and Amazon evolved their massive systems into multi‑language microservice ecosystems, highlighting the organic growth of services, incentive‑driven design, standards emergence, service ownership, operational practices, and anti‑patterns for building and scaling cloud‑native architectures.
The Moonlight Box (JCASE) platform records production traffic and replays it in test environments to achieve fully automated, high‑coverage regression testing, reducing test data preparation effort and supporting online, offline, stress, and pre‑heat scenarios across large‑scale service architectures.
The article details FAW Group’s multi‑year cloud‑native digital transformation, describing how the automaker built a technology middle‑platform, adopted Tencent’s TSF microservice solution, containerized over half of its new projects with Kubernetes, and leveraged a self‑built DevOps toolchain to dramatically boost IT productivity and support emerging automotive services.
This article walks through the step‑by‑step evolution of a Java‑based e‑commerce platform, illustrating how a single‑machine deployment can be transformed into a scalable architecture using techniques such as server‑database separation, clustering, load‑balancing algorithms, read‑write splitting, caching, sharding, micro‑services and message queues.
This article explains the essence, purpose, and value of service‑oriented architecture, compares it with layered, microservice, and distributed architectures, defines services and their components, outlines design principles, granularity decisions, service roles, and provides a practical roadmap for successful service‑centric system design.
This article explains what Istio is, outlines the major updates in version 1.5—including the unified istiod control plane, WebAssembly extensibility, simplified installation, and improved observability—describes core control‑plane components, and provides step‑by‑step instructions for preparing a Kubernetes cluster and installing Istio.
The article explains why Spring Cloud is better suited than traditional Nginx or Dubbo solutions for building scalable, DevOps‑friendly microservices, detailing its REST‑based communication, comprehensive service‑governance components, and ongoing community support.
This article examines the origins, principles, advantages, and drawbacks of microservice architecture, outlines when it should be adopted, describes its evolution stages, presents design patterns, service‑splitting strategies, and reviews popular frameworks and tools to help teams decide if microservices fit their system complexity and organizational capabilities.
This article examines Taobao’s pivotal architectural transformation from a monolithic codebase to a large‑scale distributed system, detailing the challenges of personnel, business complexity, Oracle bottlenecks, and hardware limits, and describing the comprehensive solutions involving code and interface vertical splitting, custom middleware, database sharding, and new infrastructure.
The article details the design principles, modular architecture, and engineering optimizations of a backend algorithm platform that uses APIs, micro‑services, and asynchronous processing to enable fast, reliable, and scalable online algorithm services, including recall, ranking, metadata, feature reporting, and A/B testing.
The case study details how a major state‑owned real estate company, with nearly 40 years of experience, built a three‑stage cloud‑native middle‑platform strategy—business, data, and technology platforms—using microservices, containers, and Tencent Cloud TSF to achieve integrated operations, data‑driven decision making, and agile infrastructure across its nationwide projects.
This article introduces Istio as an open platform for connecting, securing, controlling, and observing services, explains the fundamentals of service mesh, outlines Istio’s architecture and components, and provides practical steps for adopting Istio in a Kubernetes environment.
