The article examines coupling problems caused by multiple backend controllers and third‑party push interfaces, proposes a dedicated TPS microservice that centralizes third‑party calls via Feign, outlines its implementation with Java code, enums, factories, and demonstrates how this reduces duplication and improves maintainability.
This article explores how architects can reconcile flexibility and complexity through layered design, progressive complexity management, adaptive architecture, and team‑capacity alignment, offering practical principles, decision‑making frameworks, and monitoring metrics to guide sustainable system evolution.
The article recounts a startup’s painful experiment with 47 microservices, exposing hidden operational costs, deployment delays, and outage risks, and ultimately shows how consolidating back to a well‑structured monolith dramatically improved performance, cost, and delivery speed.
This article analyzes the five most common cloud‑migration pitfalls—lift‑and‑shift, network latency, incomplete data‑architecture transformation, weak security models, and poor observability—offering concrete cloud‑native solutions, migration matrices, code examples, and best‑practice guidelines for successful architectural evolution.
This article details a backend developer's two‑year AI journey, the challenges of rapid model advances, and how applying microservice principles to Retrieval‑Augmented Generation (RAG) creates a scalable, multi‑agent platform for insurance knowledge, memory, and intelligent agents.
This article explains UML class diagrams, covering their purpose, core elements, how classes, interfaces, and various relationships are represented, and provides a practical example of a simple music‑streaming system to illustrate the concepts.
This article compares MVVM and MVI in the Compose era, reviewing their histories, practical code examples, and trade‑offs, and concludes that MVVM usually provides sufficient predictability and simplicity while avoiding the boilerplate and complexity that MVI can introduce.
This article provides a detailed overview of MySQL’s four‑layer architecture—including the client, server, storage engine, and system file layers—explaining each layer’s responsibilities, key modules, and the role of various built‑in and third‑party storage engines.
This article explains how to design and implement a plugin architecture in Java, covering the standard ServiceLoader SPI, custom configuration‑driven loading, dynamic JAR loading with reflection, and Spring Boot's spring.factories mechanism, complete with practical code examples and diagrams.
This article breaks down Kafka’s architecture, explaining how sequential I/O, zero‑copy, batching with compression, and partition‑based horizontal scaling combine to deliver ultra‑high throughput, low latency, and strong reliability for handling billions of messages.
This article provides a comprehensive, layer‑by‑layer breakdown of Kubernetes architecture, covering the control plane, node components, application routing, management features, ecosystem tools, networking, storage, observability, and a learning roadmap for practitioners.
Amid the AI surge, traditional PHP frameworks must shift from developer‑centric flexibility to AI‑friendly determinism, emphasizing clear interface contracts, predictable directory structures, immutable lifecycles, and simple dependency injection, enabling AI agents to reliably generate code from PRDs and fostering stable, scalable AI‑first architectures.
This article compares three Model‑View‑Intent (MVI) variants—Pure MVI, MVI with a Reducer, and MVI with a State Machine—detailing their core concepts, code examples, advantages, disadvantages, and when each is best suited for Android Jetpack Compose projects.
This article outlines four key microservice architecture patterns—aggregation, shared database, proxy (API gateway), and asynchronous messaging—detailing their advantages, drawbacks, and typical application scenarios to help architects choose the right approach for scalable, resilient systems.
A senior backend engineer recounts how early database abstraction layers caused massive performance regressions across three real‑world systems, illustrates the pitfalls with Go and Node.js code examples, and shares concrete guidelines for letting databases do what they do best.
This article explains why enterprises need a systematic, ongoing architecture improvement process, outlines health metrics, debt visualization, refactoring patterns, decision‑record practices, governance automation, observability, and performance measurement to accelerate delivery and reduce technical debt.
This article explains the core concepts of cloud service models (PaaS, IaaS, SaaS), outlines SaaS system characteristics, compares SaaS with traditional and internet services, describes B2B2C, classifies SaaS solutions, and details multi‑tenant architectures and deployment patterns.
The article introduces JoyAgent‑JDGenie, an open‑source, product‑grade multi‑agent system from JD Cloud, explains its mission to eliminate the last‑mile barrier for rapid multi‑agent app creation, details its layered architecture, recent DataAgent addition, and discusses deployment options and challenges.
Single Sign-On (SSO) is an authentication mechanism that lets users log in once to access multiple trusted applications, and this article breaks down its core components—Identity Provider, Service Providers, and business systems—along with a step‑by‑step flow illustrated with diagrams.
The article examines how AI application infrastructure is shifting from traditional always‑on, stateless deployments to serverless models that balance cost, scalability, and stateful conversational needs, outlining architectural challenges, evolution stages, and emerging solutions such as external state storage, session‑affinity scheduling, durable functions, and session‑oriented runtimes.
An in‑depth look at how containers, Kubernetes, and Service Mesh together form the core of modern cloud‑native architectures, covering their evolution, practical adoption stages, trade‑offs in complexity, decision‑making matrices, best‑practice implementation tips, and emerging trends such as edge computing and WebAssembly.
This article explores the essential role of modeling in software engineering, outlines the three main types of modeling, examines why modeling remains a persistent challenge due to language ambiguity and real‑world complexity, and provides practical guidance on business and domain modeling for architects.
This article introduces Kubernetes as an open‑source container orchestration platform, outlines its master‑node architecture, explains the key components such as API Server, Scheduler, Controller Manager, etcd, kubelet and kube‑proxy, and describes the typical workflow for deploying applications.
This article examines NVIDIA's Kepler GPU architecture, highlighting its 28 nm process, increased transistor count, expanded CUDA core count, PCIe 3.0 support, enhanced memory hierarchy, new compute units, scheduling improvements like Hyper‑Q, and performance metrics of the Tesla K20X, illustrating the substantial gains over previous generations.
Learn how to install GraphViz and the Python Diagrams library, create and organize cloud components like AWS services, on‑prem databases, and clusters, and generate clear architecture diagrams programmatically, with step‑by‑step code examples for building a simple load‑balanced website diagram.
This article examines the true cost‑saving potential of Serverless architectures, explains when they shine, breaks down direct and hidden expenses, warns about common pitfalls, and offers a step‑by‑step migration guide for teams considering the shift.
JD Retail outlines the growing data management challenges it faces—including asset discovery, architecture agility, development quality, and rising IT costs—and presents a comprehensive data governance framework that leverages standards, agile architecture, development isolation, and resource optimization to improve efficiency and reduce operational expenses.
This article explains Nginx’s lightweight, high‑concurrency design, detailing its master‑worker process model, asynchronous event‑driven reactor pattern, and key advantages such as stability, hot‑reloading, and efficient I/O handling for modern web applications.
The article explains how React has evolved from class components to hooks and now to React Server Components (RSC), detailing their architecture, server‑vs‑client responsibilities, performance benefits, developer experience improvements, and practical usage with Next.js.
This article analyzes the strategic importance of software supply‑chain security for industrial equipment, outlines challenges such as network isolation, fragmented management, compliance audits, zombie components and supply‑cut risks, and presents a full‑link trusted dependency library architecture that delivers security, efficiency, compliance and strategic autonomy.
This article explains the essential components of a Kafka cluster—including producers, consumers, brokers, Zookeeper, and the KRaft controller—detailing how topics, partitions, and replication enable high‑throughput, scalable, and fault‑tolerant distributed messaging.
This article explains why scalable systems are essential, outlines core design principles such as the open‑closed and modular approaches, demonstrates Go implementations of strategy, middleware, plugin, and configuration‑driven architectures, and provides validation metrics and an evolution roadmap for building extensible backend services.
This article explains Kafka’s core architecture—producer, broker storage, and consumer groups—detailing how messages are partitioned, buffered, replicated, and consumed to achieve high throughput, low latency, and scalable real‑time data processing.
This article explains how Redis, an open‑source in‑memory key‑value store, processes a client command from network reception through its event‑driven engine, command parsing, execution, and reply transmission, revealing the internal mechanisms behind its high performance and scalability.
This article walks through the evolution of an online supermarket from a simple monolithic website to a fully‑featured microservice architecture, highlighting the challenges, design decisions, component choices, monitoring, tracing, testing, and the trade‑offs of service mesh versus custom frameworks.
This article explains how a systematic, automated inspection platform can proactively identify hidden risks, avoid system decay, enforce unified standards, and enhance stability, security, and operational efficiency for high‑availability applications and middleware.
This article explains how massive Transformer‑based large language models compress text data into mathematical representations, why scale, self‑attention, and training paradigms enable emergent general intelligence, and walks through tokenization, embedding, multi‑layer attention, architecture choices, energy costs, and hallucination mitigation.
This article systematically compares the architectures of recent large language models—including DeepSeek V3/R1, OLMo 2, Gemma 3, Mistral Small 3.1, Llama 4, Qwen 3, SmolLM 3 and Kimi 2—highlighting innovations such as MLA, MoE, post‑norm, sliding‑window attention, NoPE and optimizer choices, with diagrams and code examples to illustrate their impact on efficiency and performance.
The article introduces easy.ui's honeycomb architecture that splits a monolithic frontend into an Express gateway, independent Nuxt sub‑projects, and a shared component library, detailing core code, development workflow, tech choices, pitfalls, and a future roadmap.
This article details the comprehensive redesign of a mobile video‑editing page, covering background challenges, requirement analysis, MVVM + UDF architectural choices, module decomposition, dependency‑injection implementation, and the design of a robust Redo/Undo system to improve maintainability and user experience.
This article explains how Chiplet technology boosts integration and performance in modern SoCs, compares MCM, CoWoS, and EMIB packaging methods, discusses architectural design strategies and the UCIe standard, and highlights real‑world examples from Intel, AMD, Huawei, and Apple.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to designing a payment middle platform from zero, covering its definition, classic middle‑platform types, core architecture, functional modules, fault‑tolerance, security measures, distributed‑transaction strategies, and detailed Java pseudocode, offering interview‑ready insights for architects.
This article introduces the comprehensive design and evolution of a unified metadata lineage platform for big data, covering background, data processing chain, lineage models, system architecture, quality metrics, application scenarios, and future plans to enhance data governance, quality, and security.
Learn how to design, implement, and deploy a multi‑tenant architecture using Spring Boot and Spring Cloud, covering concepts, advantages, database strategies, dynamic routing, service registration, configuration management, and practical code examples for scalable SaaS applications.
This comprehensive guide explains what a settlement system is, outlines ten critical design steps—from data source identification to bill provision—and illustrates their application across diverse scenarios such as corporate welfare platforms, government services, promotion platforms, bank acquiring, points e‑commerce, ETC, and consumer finance, while highlighting key rules, workflows, and interface considerations.
At 2 AM an alert triggered when a RocketMQ queue surged from 500 K to 10 M messages, causing severe latency; the article walks through root‑cause analysis, a five‑step emergency fix, long‑term architectural upgrades, monitoring, and scripts to reliably eliminate such MQ backlogs.
This article outlines the overall architecture, data architecture, logical project structure, and the construction of a data resource center for a data lake and application platform, illustrated through a series of diagrams that depict each component and their interconnections.
The article outlines Intel’s hybrid‑core strategy, detailing the upcoming P‑core generations Lion Cove, Cougar Cove, Coyote Cove, and the 2028 Unified Core, while comparing architectural shifts, performance expectations, and process technologies with AMD’s Zen 5 design.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the GPU industry, covering its definition, parallel‑computing advantages, core functions, API evolution, micro‑architecture, market size forecasts, competitive landscape, and the impact of geopolitical restrictions on future development.
This article examines ten common system‑design trade‑offs—from vertical versus horizontal scaling and SQL versus NoSQL to consistency versus availability—explaining each option, its benefits and drawbacks, and helping engineers make informed architectural decisions.
This article presents a detailed collection of AI large‑model architecture diagrams covering general frameworks, domain‑specific solutions such as RAG knowledge bases, agriculture, retail, IoT, compliance, and CRM integration, while also noting copyright considerations for the visual content.
This article introduces the fundamentals of Domain‑Driven Design (DDD), explains key concepts such as rich domain models, entities, value objects, aggregates, repositories, adapters, and application orchestration, and demonstrates their implementation through comprehensive Java code examples and a complete project structure diagram.
The article reviews the evolution of Kuaishou's Tianshou front‑end quality assurance platform, its layered architecture, distributed scheduler, quality models, measurement functions, DMAIC process, and lessons learned in scaling to billions of DAU, offering a blueprint for building robust front‑end engineering systems.
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the AI‑driven digital‑human live‑streaming solution used by Taobao, detailing six core components—including LLM‑based content generation and interaction, TTS, visual driving, audio‑video engineering, and backend services—while sharing architectural diagrams, cost‑reduction strategies, productization insights, and future directions.
This article examines the origins, core principles, and practical implementation of the Model‑View‑Intent (MVI) pattern in Android, clarifies common misconceptions with Redux and MVVM, and provides Kotlin code examples and guidelines for building robust, unidirectional, immutable state architectures.
This article outlines the essential building blocks of a modern microservice architecture—traffic entry with Nginx, API gateway selection, business service design, service registration, caching and distributed locks, persistent storage strategies, document-oriented stores, messaging middleware, log aggregation, task scheduling, and distributed object storage—providing practical guidance for backend engineers.
The article explains the Model Context Protocol (MCP) as a zero‑code bridge that lets large language models seamlessly access databases, external APIs, and execute code, detailing its benefits for developers and everyday users, its core components, step‑by‑step workflow, real‑world examples, and how it outperforms traditional APIs in modern AI agent systems.
The GIAC 12th Global Internet Architecture Conference in Shenzhen gathered experts from Kuaishou, ByteDance, Tencent, iFlytek and Bilibili to discuss large‑model industrialization, generative AI, AI safety, cloud‑native and multimodal technologies, presenting 59 cutting‑edge architectural cases and insightful talks from leading innovators.
This article examines the open‑source memory cache Dragonfly, its claim of being the world’s fastest Redis‑compatible system, the Redis team’s detailed response and benchmark methodology, and presents comprehensive performance comparisons that show Redis often outperforms Dragonfly across various workloads and configurations.
This article uses the ancient "Lychee Mission" story as a metaphor to explore why developers face impossible tasks and offers practical strategies—such as limiting parallel work, improving meeting efficiency, clarifying context, reducing coupling, and adopting flexible design—to turn overwhelming demands into manageable, high‑quality software delivery.
This article introduces Self-Contained Systems (SCS) as an alternative to microservices, outlines SCS core characteristics, compares both approaches across granularity, communication, UI handling and integration, and concludes with practical insights for large‑scale, multi‑team projects.
This article walks through ten core design patterns used in the Spring framework—Template Method, Factory, Proxy, Singleton, Observer, Strategy, Adapter, Decorator, Builder, and Chain of Responsibility—explaining their scenarios, Spring implementations, code examples, and why they improve decoupling, extensibility, and performance.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes architecture, detailing the control plane components, worker node services, and the end‑to‑end workflow that enables automated deployment, scaling, and management of containerised applications in cloud‑native environments.
This comprehensive guide explores the definition, historical evolution, overall architecture, and key functional modules of bank core systems—including account management, customer information, deposit and loan cores, payment and settlement, card relationships, and batch processing—providing a holistic, "god‑level" perspective on modern banking infrastructure.
This article presents a panoramic view of AI large‑model technologies, showcasing a series of architecture diagrams that illustrate general model frameworks, RAG knowledge‑base structures, agricultural and retail applications, IoT integration, compliance and risk‑management setups, agent platforms, and CRM‑enhanced solutions.
Technical debt, a metaphor likening shortcuts in software development to financial debt, accumulates interest over time, increasing maintenance complexity and costs; this article explains its definition, classifications, front‑end and back‑end impacts, cost dimensions, and systematic approaches to identify, prioritize, and repay it.
This article examines the Model Context Protocol (MCP) in the era of large AI models, compares five common MCP server architectures, evaluates their pros, cons, and suitable scenarios, and shows how Nacos can provide service discovery, configuration, and governance to simplify enterprise‑level MCP deployment.
This article explains the evolution and benefits of layered software architecture—from early two‑layer designs to MVC, DDD, Clean Architecture, and the Monet framework—highlighting how clear responsibilities, adaptability, and proper dependency direction improve maintainability, scalability, and team collaboration.
Amid the surge of AI large‑model usage, this guide examines the Model Context Protocol (MCP) and presents five common server architectures, evaluates their pros, cons, and suitable scenarios, and shows how Nacos can streamline enterprise‑level MCP deployment through service discovery, configuration, and governance.
This article shares a practical five‑step methodology for making sound software architecture decisions, illustrates the approach with real‑world scenarios such as REST vs event‑driven APIs, build‑vs‑buy authentication, monolith vs microservices, SQL vs NoSQL, caching strategies, and legacy system refactoring, and concludes with actionable best‑practice guidelines.
This article details the evolution of a fast‑growing e‑commerce finance platform from a monolithic microservice architecture plagued by data inconsistency, low processing efficiency, and scalability limits to a robust, distributed big‑data warehouse using SparkSQL, layered data models, and optimized scheduling, achieving ten‑fold performance gains and near‑zero failure rates.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of GPU core parameters—including compute units, memory systems, floating‑point performance, power consumption, and manufacturing process—while comparing leading international and domestic GPU products to help readers choose the right accelerator for AI, HPC, or graphics workloads.
This article examines Nacos 3.0’s major architectural overhaul—including console‑service decoupling, independent ports, three deployment modes, a new bootstrap startup engine, and step‑by‑step embedded integration—showcasing how the redesign boosts security, performance, and flexibility for microservice ecosystems.
This article explains Kafka's core concepts—including topics, partitions, log segmentation, offset management, and acknowledgment levels—while also providing a step‑by‑step guide to deploying Zookeeper, Kafka, Filebeat, and ELK, troubleshooting common issues, and visualizing logs in Kibana.
This article examines common challenges of sharing user interaction logic across multiple Android screens using ViewModel, compares four reuse strategies—including base class inheritance, helper classes, Kotlin class delegation, and interface default functions—and recommends the interface default‑function approach as the most flexible and maintainable solution.
This article examines tag systems as the neural network of digital content, comparing them with traditional hierarchies, tracing their evolution, outlining business‑driven design steps, and detailing architectural components, non‑functional requirements, integration patterns, and future AI‑enhanced trends.
The article compares Google’s A2A coordination protocol with Anthropic’s Model Context Protocol, showing through a financial‑report case study that A2A enables deeper LLM‑driven interactions while MCP provides tool‑wrapper services, evaluates three integration paths, discusses SDK, latency and cost challenges, and predicts A2A could become the dominant orchestration layer for AI agents.
The article details a large‑scale Chinese New Year interactive activity’s front‑end architecture, describing a layered system for business logic, data abstraction, and animation engines, unified data handling, dynamic animation rendering with downgrade paths, high‑concurrency QPS reduction, resilience measures, and extensive performance and workflow optimizations.
This article details how the 1688 WeChat mini program supports rapid business iteration through a dual‑thread architecture, outlines performance optimizations across search, product detail, messaging, and shopping cart modules, and presents a roadmap for cross‑platform development, security, and ecosystem integration.
The article presents the Business Parameter Configuration Center (BPCC), a declarative platform that automatically generates front‑end pages and corresponding CRUD services, detailing its layered architecture, core concepts such as elements, dimensions, parameters and schemes, SDK query flow, priority rules, multi‑selection handling, import/export workflow, and outlining scenarios where BPCC is unsuitable.
Microservices are small, autonomous services that replace monolithic codebases by emphasizing loose coupling, high cohesion, bounded contexts, technology-agnostic integration via REST, RPC, or events, disciplined code governance, semantic versioning, local transactions with eventual consistency, and robust scaling patterns such as timeouts, circuit breakers, and auto-scaling, while reflecting organizational structure and avoiding premature complexity.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes, covering its cloud‑native architecture, core components such as API Server, Scheduler, Controller Manager, etcd, kubelet and kube‑proxy, and explains the workflow that enables automated deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications.
Drawing on experience with TimerTask, Quartz, SpringTask, HashWheelTimer, Elastic‑Job, XXL‑JOB, and AirFlow, the author created a teaching‑focused, horizontally scalable task‑scheduling platform supporting over 100 000 jobs, organized into gateway, admin, and worker layers, with a detailed architecture and tech‑stack overview.
This article analyzes the high coupling caused by multiple backend controllers and third‑party push interfaces, then proposes a dedicated TPS microservice that encapsulates third‑party calls via Feign, standardizes parameters, and reduces code duplication for frontend and backend systems.
This article compares four major API architectural styles—RPC, SOAP, REST, and GraphQL—by detailing their mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and typical use cases, and then provides guidance on selecting the most suitable style based on language, environment, and resource constraints.
This article explains how RocketMQ, a Chinese‑origin message queue, simplifies Kafka’s architecture while adding powerful features such as tag‑based filtering, transactional messaging, delayed and dead‑letter queues, and a unified commit‑log storage model, making delayed processing and high‑throughput scenarios easier to implement.
This article provides an in‑depth technical overview of the Model Context Protocol (MCP), explaining its core concepts, client‑server architecture, communication layers, key benefits such as uniformity and security, and a wide range of real‑world application scenarios from code collaboration to third‑party API integration.
A technically proficient developer with seven years of experience keeps getting rejected in first or second interview rounds because he lacks deep understanding of HashMap O(1) mechanics, cannot articulate architecture trade‑offs, and rarely reflects systematically on his projects, as outlined in three key problem areas.
This article explains five common multi‑tenant implementation patterns—independent databases, shared database with separate schemas, shared tables, hybrid approaches, and containerized isolation—detailing their isolation levels, cost implications, scalability, and suitable use cases for SaaS applications.
This article analyzes how Tencent Channel builds a scalable Feeds system for a massive multi‑level community by presenting a three‑layer architecture, core design principles, and read/write diffusion strategies to handle sub‑channel lists, post squares, and personal feeds while mitigating empty‑pull and moderation challenges.
The article analyzes NVIDIA's Rubin288 high‑density GPU cabinet, comparing its orthogonal CLOS architecture with the older non‑orthogonal designs, and explains how the new layout improves reliability, bandwidth, scalability, and cooling for modern data‑center HPC deployments.
Ceph is a unified, open‑source distributed storage system whose layered architecture—comprising RADOS, LIBRADOS, and upper‑level services like RADOSGW, RBD, and CephFS—provides high performance, reliability, scalability, and flexible data access for cloud, big‑data, and AI workloads.
This article reviews DeepSeek's recent breakthroughs, including the MLA attention redesign, GRPO alignment algorithm, MoE enhancements, multi‑stage training pipelines (SFT, RL, preference tuning, distillation), and comparative performance against GPT‑4o‑Mini and Llama 3.1, highlighting both strengths and remaining challenges.
This article examines the strengths and trade‑offs of REST, GraphQL, and tRPC for API design in 2025, helping teams decide which architecture aligns with their expertise, project scope, and performance requirements.
The case study details how a unified TypeScript‑based activity data model, combined with JSON‑Schema validation and dependency‑injected configuration, refactored a multi‑channel food‑delivery merchant marketing front‑end, cutting code duplication, boosting extensibility, and improving development speed by roughly 40% for new activity types.
This article presents a comprehensive overview of a typical payment system architecture, detailing the division between transaction and payment cores, their interactions, service governance, data consistency, asynchronous processing, and practical production practices for building stable, scalable backend payment services.
This article examines the principles of cloud‑native design, explains why avoiding single‑vendor lock‑in is critical, outlines practical multi‑cloud architecture patterns, discusses implementation challenges, and showcases successful transformations in finance and e‑commerce sectors.
This article presents a complete, step‑by‑step migration plan for a legacy MongoDB‑based system, covering scope analysis, data‑store selection, DAO refactoring, dual‑write synchronization, bulk and incremental data migration, and the three‑pronged deployment strategy of monitoring, gray‑release and rollback to ensure a smooth cut‑over without service disruption.
The fourth part of a four‑article series provides a detailed analysis of six Chinese CPU manufacturers—Huawei Kunpeng, Phytium, HaiGuang, Zhaoxin, Loongson, and ShenWei—covering their processor architectures, product lineups, key performance metrics, recent releases, and future development plans up to 2026.
Microservices break monoliths into focused services, while serverless offloads infrastructure management to cloud providers; together they boost agility, scalability, cost efficiency, and security, as illustrated by real-world cases from ride‑hailing and e‑commerce, and the article outlines adoption challenges and future opportunities.
